Материал: A grammar of the english language

He said he had worked for twenty years. (The fact is emphasized.)

He said he had been working for a long time without achieving final results. (The process is emphasized.)
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the past imperfective.
I had been reading about an hour when he came.

Я читал около часа, когда он пришел.
2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before.
I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying, not because I

was crying then. (Dickens)
§ 33. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous.

The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive should not be confused with the Past Continuous. The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at a definite moment in the past, no previous duration is expressed. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used when the previous duration of the action is expressed.
And now it was raining, had been raining for days the miserable fall rains of

Eastern France. (Heym)

The magnificent motor-car was waiting at the kerb. It had been waiting for

two hours. (Bennett)
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
§ 34. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous.

1. The Future Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Future Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

Affirmative	Interrogative
I shall have been working	Shall I have been working?
He will have been working	Will he have been working?
She will have been working	Will she have been working?
We shall have been working	Shall we have been working?
You will have been working	Will you have been working?
They will have been working	Will they have been working?

Negative

I shall not have been working

He will not have been working

She will not have been working

We shall not have been working

You will not have been working

They will not have been working

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I’ll have been working

He’ll have been working
The contracted negative forms are:
I shan’t have been working

He won’t have been working
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
{Will he not have been working?

Won’t he have been working?

{Shall we not have been working?

Shan’t we have been working?
§ 35. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous.

The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment.
We shall have been working at this problem for a month when you visit us a

second time.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
§ 36. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.

1. The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past is formed by

means of the Future Perfect in the Past of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

Affirmative	Interrogative
I should have been working	Should I have been working?
He would have been working	Would he have been working?
She would have been working	Would she have been working?
We should have been working	Should we have been working?
You would have been working	Would you have been working?
They would have been working	Would they have been working?

Negative

I should not have been working

He would not have been working

She would not have been working

We should not have been working

You would not have been working

They would not have been working

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I’d have been working

He’d have been working
The contracted negative forms are:
I shouldn’t have been working

He wouldn’t have been working
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
{Should I not have been working?

Shouldn’t I have been working?

{Would he not have been working?

Wouldn’t he have been working?
§ 37. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.

The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past denotes an action lasting during a certain period of time before a definite moment which was future from the point of view of the past.
I wondered how long they would have been packing by the time I returned.
(For detailed treatment see Chapter XVIII.) .
Table of Tenses

	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefi-nite	I go to the theatre every week.	I went to the theatre last week.	I shall go to the theatre next week.	I said I should go to the theatre next week.
Conti-nuous	(Don’t speak to him.) He is working.	When I came, he was working.	(Don’t comeat 8.) I shall be working.	He said he would be working at8 o’clock.
Perfect	1. (I can return the books to the library.) I have read them.	1. I had read all the books by the 1st of April.	1. I shall have read all the books by the1st of April.	I said I should have read all the books by the 1st of April.
	2. I have known him for two years.	2. By 1955 I had known him for two years.	2. By 1965 I shall have known him for twelve years.
Perfect Conti-nuous	1. I have been reading the book for a week.	1. I had been reading the book for a week, when you asked me for it.	By the 1st of May I shall have been reading the book for a fortnight.	I said that by the1st of May I should have been reading the book for a fortnight.
	2. (I am very tired.) I have been reading a lot.	2. (I was very tired.) I had been reading a lot.

THE PASSIVE VOICE
§ 1. The formation of the Passive Voice.

The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb.

(a) The Present, Past and Future Indefinite Passive are formed by means of the Present, Past and Future Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the notional verb.

Present Indefinite Passive	Past Indefinite Passive	Future Indefinite Passive
I am invited	I was invited	I shall be invited
He is invited	He was invited	He will be invited
She is invited	She was invited	She will be invited
We are invited	We were invited	We shall be invited
You are invited	You were invited	You will be invited
They are invited	They were invited	They will be invited

(b) The Present, Past and Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present, Past and Future Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the notional verb.

Present Perfect Passive	Past Perfect Passive	Future Perfect Passive
I have been invited	I had been invited	I shall have been invited
He has been invited	He had been invited	He will have been invited
She has been invited	She had been invited	She will have been invited
We have been invited	We had been invited	We shall have been invited
You have been invited	You had been invited	You will have been invited
They have been invited	They had been invited	They will have been invited

(c) The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the notional verb.

Present Continuous Passive	Past Continuous Passive
I am being invited	I was being invited
He is being invited	He was being invited
She is being invited	She was being invited
We are being invited	We were being invited
You are being invited	You were being invited
They are being invited	They were being invited

The Future Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous are not found in the Passive Voice.
§ 2. The use of the Passive Voice.

The Passive Voice can be used:

(a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the usual case). In this case the doer is either unknown or unimportant.
In silence the soup was finished — excellent, if a little thick; and fish was

brought. In silence it was handed. (Galsworthy)
Tom Tusher was sent off early, however, to a school in London. (Thackeray)
(b) with the doer of the action being mentioned. This occurs only when the doer of the action is to some extent emphasized.

The noun or pronoun denoting the doer of the action is introduced by the preposition by.
He was wrenched from his blank wretchedness bythe sound of the door

opening from his mother’s room. (Galsworthy)

They were thus introduced byHolly. (Galsworthy)

This room was dimly lighted from the ceiling bya single electric lamp.

(Bennett)
§ 3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice.

The uses of tenses in the Active and in the Passive Voice are the same.

INDEFINITE:	Present	New schools are built every year.
	Past	This school was built a month ago.
	Future	A new school will be built in our village in spring.
PERFECT:	Present	The school has been built this month.
	Past	The school had been built by the 1st of September.
	Future	I am sure the school will have been built by the 1st of September.
CONTINUOUS:	Present	A new school is being built in our street.
	Past	When I returned to town, the school was still being built.

All Forsytes have shells... in other words, they are never seen, or if seen

would not be recognized. (Galsworthy)

The news was brought that the little boy at the “Three Castles” was ill.

(Thackeray)

Further meetings will be held tonight and tomorrow night. (Daily Worker)

You have been told three times this week that she is coming home for a year

for her health. (Shaw)

I have been very unhappy since she died. I have been slighted and taught

nothing, and thrown upon myself, and put to work not fit for me. (Dickens)

By 12 o’clock a jury reasonably satisfactory to both sides had been chosen.

(Dreiser)

Don’t you disturb him. He is working at his wonderful poem. An immortal

work of art is being created. (Marryat)

When Mills got to the stables, a horse was being saddled. (Eliot)
To express an action going on at a definite moment in the future only the Future Continuous Active is possible. Thus the Russian sentence ‘Когда вы придете в лабораторию, опыт уже будет производиться’ must be translated in the following way:
When you come to the laboratory, we shall

already be making the

experiment.
To denote an action which began before a definite moment in the present, past or future, and continued up to that moment, the Present, Past and Future Perfect Continuous Active are generally used.
Уже два часа как правят корректуру.

They have been reading the proofs for two hours.

Когда пришел главный редактор, корректуру правили уже два часа.

When the editor-in-chief came, they had been reading the proofs for two hours.
The Present Perfect Inclusive Passive and the Past Perfect Inclusive Passive are found with verbs not used in the Continuous form, in negative sentences and with some non-terminative verbs (see Chapter VII, Tenses, § 18, 21).
She has always been admired.

The dictionary has not been used for months.
§ 4. Ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian.

There are three ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian:

(a) by the verb быть +краткая форма причастия страдательного залога. In the Present the verb бытьis not used.

(b) by verbs in ‑ся.

(c) by means of indefinite-personal constructions (неопределенно-личные предложения).

The last way of translating is possible only if the doer of the action is not mentioned.
Houses are built of stone.

Дома строятся из камня.

Дома строят из камня.

The house was built in 1932.

Дом (был) построен в 1932 году.

Дом построили в 1932 году.

The experiment was made by a famous scientist.

Опыт был произведен знаменитым ученым.

Опыт производился знаменитым ученым.
§ 5. Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English language.

There are cases when the use of the Passive Voice seems to Russian students very peculiar because we find no analogous constructions in Russian. These cases are as follows:
1. The verbs to accord, to advise, to allow, to ask, to award, to deny, to envy, to forbid (rare), to forgive, to give, to grant, to offer, to order, to pay, to prescribe, to promise, to refuse, to show, to teach, to tell are used in the Passive Voice. These verbs always take an object expressed by a noun or an infinitive. The action expressed by the Passive Predicate passes on to the subject and the object. The subject corresponds to the Russian indirect object.
He was granted a ten days’ leave.

Has he been, shown the documents?

The patient was prescribed a strict diet.

He was ordered a change of scene.

We were told to wait.
N o t e. — These verbs admit of another type of passive construction if the

object is expressed by a noun. Thus we can say not only I was given a book,

He was shown a book, but also A book was given to me, A book was shown to

him. The choice of the construction depends on the logical stress: in I was

given a book, He was shown a book the thing given is emphasized, which

occurs oftener; in The book was given to me, The book was shown to him the

person is emphasized.
2. The Passive Voice is possible with intransitive verbs used with prepositions: to account for, to agree upon, to alludeto, to arrive at (a conclusion, agreement, decision), to call for, to call upon, to comment upon, to count upon, to depend on (upon), to dispose of, to fire at, to hear of, to insist on (upon), to interfere with, to laugh at, to listen to, to look after, to look at, to look down upon (смотреть на кого-либо сверху вниз), to look up to (смотреть на кого-либо снизу вверх), to provide for, to put up at (остановиться), to put up with (примириться), to read to, to refer to, to rely on, to run over, to send for, to speak about (of), to stare at, to talk about (to, over).