Материал: kartochki_gramma

In a complex sentence, the principal… clause is independent on the dependent … cue.

• Choose the suitable option to complete the statement:

The following complex sentence contains a(n) … subordinate clause

1. Object b) Subject c) Predicative d) attributive

1. King Edward 7 was determined that his children would enjoy a happy life. a

2. They are not what you might think. c

3. I can’t remember a time when I wasn’t dancing. d

4. What impressed me most was their sincerity. b

• Define the structural types of the following complex sentences:

1. The heart that once truly loved never forgets. a

2. What can’t be cured must be endured. b

3. Since you refuse to cooperate, I will take legal advice. c

1. Inclusive type

2. A sentence with pronominal correlation

3. A sentence with an optional subordinate clause

1. Everything I did that evening took a long time.

2. It appeared as if nobody had heard of him.

3. No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.

4. What I want to know is when you are going to get married.

5. She tightened her lips as though she were trying to control herlself.

Synthetic means of form-building

• What synthetic means of form-building do you know? (suffixation, sound-interchange, suppletivity)

• What are the peculiarities of English affixation? (not too many suffixes, but they are homonymous within and across parts of speech, there’s abundance of zero morphemes)

• Define the means of form-building:

Good-better (suppletivity) , i-we (suppletivity), this-these (sound-interchange), easy-easier (suffixation), foot-feet (suppletivity), loose-lost(sound-interchange+affixation)

• Define the meaning of the homonymous affixes:

News, ours, man’s needs, reads, teacher, greater

The Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison.

• What are the characteristic features of statives (adlinks)? Why do present a problem? (lexico-grammatical meaning of state, the wor-building suffix a, left-hand combinability with link verbs, the syntactical function of the subject complement/predicative)

• Comment on the properties of the underlined words. To what part of speech do they belong?

1. Don’t stay in the cold. (noun)

2. Where is the car key? (adj)

3. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. (adj - adlink)

4. In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. (substantivized adj)

5. At one hundred feet, the water turned a deep blue. (noun)

Syntactic structure of the clause (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence

• Complete the following statements of the sentence with suitable options:

1. Adjunct

2. Attribute

3. Complement

4. Conjunct

5. Disjunct

6. Object

7. Predicate

8. Subject

1. The principle members of the syntactic structure of the clause are… g,h

2. The obligatory secondary members of the syntactic structure of the clause are… c,a,f

• Identify the underlined secondary parts of the sentence:

The shell in my hand is deserted. A little crab ran away, and left me his shell.

1 2 3 4

1. Direct object 4

2. Indirect object 3

3. Predicate complement 2

4. Subject complement 1

• Choose a clause with an Object Complement:

1. Did he hope to find a better home, a better mode of living?

2. Parliament abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic.

3. The books remained unread.

Main grammatical notions. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition

• What is a grammatical category? How is it revealed? (gr category is a unity of gr meaning and gr form, revealed through the opposition of gr forms representing the particular meaning of the category )

• Define the type of the opposition (privative, equipollent, gradual) and the grammatical category revealed:

1. Took – was taking (privative, aspect)

2. Big – bigger – the biggest (gradual, degree of comparison)

3. Child – children (privative, number)

4. We-us (equipollent, case)

5. Have written-had written (equipollent, tense)

6. Asking-being asked (privative, voice)

7. Man’s-men’s (equipollent, number)

8. Come-will come (privative, posteriority)

9. Came-would come (equipollent, posteriority)

10. Good-better-best (gradual, degree of comparison)

Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses

• Are the clauses of a compound sentence independent of each other? (yes)

• What logical relations exist between the clauses of a compound sentence? (copulative, disjunctive, adversative, causative and consecutive)

• Define the kind of logical relation between the clauses of the compound sentences and the means of their structural dependence:

1. I must have told him about it 60 times at least, and still he doesn’t bring it. (copulative)

2. The grass was drenching wet, so he descended to the road. (causative and consecutive)

3. There was no news, nevertheless she went on hoping. (adversative)

4. He didn’t tell me, neither did he seem offended. (copulative)

5. The night was dark, for the stars now were vanished before the full moon. (causative and consecutive)

Notional and functional classes of words

• Complete the following statement choosing the suitable option:

1. Morphological classification consider adverbs together with…

1. Nouns, verbs, adjectives

2. Prepositions, conjunctions, interjections

as … parts of speech.

1. Declinable

2. Indeclinable

• According to Charles Fries, prepositions, together with…

1)articles 2)conjunctions 3)interjections

belong to group of…

a)clause introducers b)specifiers c)linkers (interpos. words)

• Mark the following statements about formal words as true or false:

1) They have no lexical meaning F

2) They have obligatory combinability T

3) Their syntactic function is that of linking or specifying T

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

• Match the phrases with the means of expressing the syntactic relations between the phrase constituents:

1. These leaders b a) adjoinment

2. Very large a b) agreement

3. A family warriors c c) government

4. Was later found e d) conjunctional connection

5. To help him f e) enclosure

6. Time and effort d f) prepositional connection

• Mark the following statements about syntactic relations within a phrase (T/F):

1. Agreement and government are characteristic of synthetic languages. T/F?? (inflexional langiages)

2. Adjoinment and prepositional/ conjunctional connection are typical of analytical languages. T

3. Enclosure is a typically English means of expressing syntactic relations in a phrase. T

4. Agreement and government are widely used to connect phrase constituents in Modern English. F

• Point out the elements that carry new information in the following sentences and define the means of their expression:

1. It was only at this point that I realized I was getting special treatment.

2. One year the long rains failed.

3. Much later, a letter came out of the blue.

4. Even now, I can hardly believe it is true.

5. There’s a dog in the room. – The dog is in the room.

• Choose the opposition that reveals the category of Voice in the Participle:

1. Selling-sold b) selling-having sold c) selling-being sold

• Choose the opposition that reveals the category of Voice in the Infinitive:

1. To make-to be making b) to make-to be made c) to make-to have made

• Do perfect form of the verb belong to the category of tense? (no, order)

• What verbal category is revealed through the opposition (non-perfect - perfect)? (order)

• Match the following questions and answers and comment on your choice:

1. What did you do after university? b a) I’ve worked as a teacher.

2. Have you any experience with teenagers? a b) I worked as a teacher.

3. Do you know our city well? d c) I lived there for 10 years.

4. Is Vienna your home city? c d) I’ve lived here for 25 years

• Choose clause with a prepositional object:

1. Edward offered his crown to his cousin Duke William of Normandy.

2. Red power, however, lay with the Army and Oliver Cromwell.

3. Many people go to midnight mass in church on Christmas Eve.

• Choose a clause with an Object Complement:

1. Did he hope to find a better home, a better mode of living?

2. Parliament abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic?

3. The books remained unread.