| Повествовательное предложение | I | am | Russian. |
| Не | needs | some information. | |
| The film | begins | at 8 o’clock. | |
| Вопрос к подлежащему | Who | is | your friend? |
| Who | goes | by taxi? | |
| What | was | the question? | |
| Разделительный вопрос | It | is a wonderful city, | isn’t it? |
| He | can speak English, | can’t he? | |
| | We | came early, | didn’t we? |
| Общие вопросы с обычными глаголами | Do you feel cold? (simple tenses) Am I annoying you? (continuous tenses) Have you seen this film? (perfect tenses) |
| Общие вопросы с be | AmIlate? |
| Общие вопросы с have | Does she have a bath every day? |
| Общие вопросы с модальными глаголами | Should I call the police? |
| Специальные вопросы | Who was in prison? Where do they live? |
| Общие вопросы с обычными глаголами | Phil works here, doesn’t he? (simple tenses) You are coming, aren’t you? (continuous tenses) They’ve gone, haven’t they? (perfect tenses) |
| Общие вопросы с be | He’s new here, isn’t he? |
| Общие вопросы с have | They have a car, haven’t / don’t they? |
| Общие вопросы с модальными глаголами | You won’t make a mess, will you? |
| Вежливая форма Запрос информации | Can / Could you tell me where the bank is? Do you know if Alison lives there? Во второй части косвенного вопроса сохраняется порядок слов утвердительного предложения |
| | Единственное число | Множественное число | ||||
| Настоящее время | 1 лицо I | 2 лицо you | 3 лицо he, she, it | 1 лицо we | 2 лицо you | 3 лицо they |
| am | are | is | are | are | are | |
| He is (he’s) an employee. Is your wife a doctor? He is not (isn’t) well. | They are Russian. Are you in the office? The engineers are not (aren’t) here. | |||||
| Прошедшее время | was | were | was | were | were | were |
| It was wonderful. Was it good? She was not (wasn’t) pleased. | They were glad to meet their colleagues. Were they happy? They were not at the party last week. | |||||
| | Единственное число | Множественное число | ||||
| Настоящее время | 1 лицо I | 2 лицо you | 3 лицо he, she, it | 1 лицо we | 2 лицо you | 3 лицо they |
| have | have | has | have | have | have | |
| I have (have got /’ve got) a new house. Have you got a lot of money? Has she got any new information? They have not (haven’t) got any problems. He has not (hasn’t) got any cash. Does he have a visa? We don’t have our passports. | ||||||
| Прошедшее время | had | had | ||||
| He had a modern computer. Did they have a visa? We didn’t have our passports. | ||||||
| Исчисляемые существительные: употребляются в единственном и во множественном числе и согласуются с соответствующей формой глагола. | ||
| shop / shops | There are over 100 shops in the new shopping centre. | |
| baby / babies | They’ve got some great toys for babies in there. | |
| dish / dishes | We need to get some new dishes for this evening. | |
| сlass – classes | The classes were redecorated last year. | |
| wife – wives roof – roofs | The roofs of the houses were painted red. | |
| man – men woman – women child – children tooth – teeth foot – feet sheep – sheep | The children are playing in the yard. | |
| basis – basis crisis – crisis thesis – thesis analysis – analysis datum – data phenomenon – phenomena formula – formulae | The data speak in favour of this theory. These formulae are important for the conducted experiment. | |
| Неисчисляемые существительные: обозначают вещества и отвлеченные понятия, только в единственном числе и, даже если оканчиваются на -s, согласуются с глаголами в единственном числе. | ||
| Advice, bread, fruit, furniture, hair, homework, information, money, news, paper, rice, knowledge, progress, economics, politics, music, friendship | My money is in my wallet. Your hair is really long! The news was a complete shock. Politics is a dirty business. | |
| Некоторые неисчисляемые существительные имеют форму только множественного числа и согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе. | ||
| Clothes, jeans, goods, contents, glasses | Your clean clothes are on the bed. Your new jeans look great! | |
| Некоторые существительные меняют значение в зависимости от того, в каком числе они употребляются. | ||
| Paper | Get me some paper when you go to the shops. (бумага) Get me a paper when you go to the shops. (газета) | |
| Неопределённый артикль a / an употребляется: С исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе в значении «один», «любой». | Примеры: | |
| I need to get a new coat. I don’t have enough money for an expensive dress. | ||
| Определенный артикль the употребляется: С исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе в значении «конкретный». С исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе в значении «конкретные». С неисчисляемыми существительными в значении «конкретный». | Let’s go to the new shopping centre. Where are the books I ordered? I gave the shop assistant the money and then left. | |
| Артикль не употребляется: С исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе. С неисчисляемыми существительными. | Prices have gone up a lot recently. Fresh fruit is really good for you. | |
| Особые случаи употребления: | | |
| местонахождение | The: моря (the Atlantic), реки (the Amazon), территории (the Antarctic), некоторые страны (the USA, the UK), общественные места (the theatre), the Earth, the world, the sky, the moon, the sun, the sea, the environment | |
| род деятельности | a / an: have a job, work as a … the: on the radio, the media, play the piano нулевой артикль:go to work, on TV, go shopping, play tennis, listen to music, go to work, go to school, be at school, be at university, учебные дисциплины (Maths) | |
| время | The: in the morning / afternoon / evening, on the 20th March, in the 1950s нулевой артикль: дни недели (Thursday), месяцы (May), годы (2012), at night | |
| люди | The: the king, the Prime Minister, the army, the navy, the police, the Germans, the English Нулевой артикль: become king, he’s English, speak English | |
| Именительный падеж who? | Объектный падеж | |
| whom? | кого? кому? | |
| I | me | меня мне |
| you | you | вас вам |
| he | him | его ему |
| she | her | eё ей |
| it | it | его (её) ему (ей) |
| we | us | нас нам |
| you | you | вас вам |
| they | them | их им |
| Личные местоимения | Притяжательные местоимения | |
| Присоединяемая форма | Абсолютная форма | |
| I | my | mine |
| you | your | yours |
| he | his | his |
| she | her | hers |
| it | its | its |
| we | our | ours |
| you | your | yours |
| they | their | theirs |
| Местоимение | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| this (это) | this | these |
| that (то) | that | those |
| Личное местоимение | Возвратное местоимение |
| I | myself |
| You | yourself |
| He | himself |
| She | herself |
| It | itself |
| We | ourselves |
| You | yourselves |
| They | themselves |