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squeezed by «pressed» through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter. Periodically fired kilns were used. Bricks were moved slowly on a conveyor belt. New methods considerably reduced the cost of a brick. That's why it became one of the constituent building materials of the age.

2. Rapid development of timber technology was in the 19th century in СNorth America. It could be explained by large softwood fir's forests and pine trees. There they were used as industrial methods. Steamand water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in the 1820s. The production of cheap machine-made nails began in the 1830s. It provided иother necessary ingredient – a balloon frame. That made possible a major

innovation in building construction.

3. The first example was a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow. There was a great demand for small buildings of all types settled onбАNorth American continent. Light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, inexpensive solution to this problem. Heavy timbers and complex joinery were abandoned in the balloon frame system.

4. The building walls were framed with 5x10-centimetre (2x4-mch) vertical members. They were placed at 40 centimeters (16 inches) from the centre. This supplied a roof and floor Joists, usually 5x25 centimeters (2x10 inches) and placed 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart and were capable of spanning up to six meters (20 feet).

1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content.

a)Timber technology underwent rapid development in the 20th century in North America.

b)The new technology of «pressed» bricks made the building construction more expensive.

c)The bricks were manufactured by hand-molding in the 20th century.

d)The production of machine-made nails in the 1830s lead to the creation of a balloon frame. Д

2) Answer the question:

What was the first construction built with the balloon-frame technology?

И

a)It was a small building in Ohio.

b)It was a factory in Chicago.

c)It was a warehouse in Ohio.

d)It was a warehouse built in Chicago.

3)Complete the statement according to the text. A balloon frame is …

a)a heavy timber frame;

b)platform frame;

c)a brick frame;

d)a light timber frame.

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4) Identify the main idea of the text.

a) Timber technology developed in North America because it was rich with fir forests and pine-trees.

b) Brick became one of the constituent building materials of the 19th and

d) The invention of a balloon frame made possible a major innovation in building construction.

THE RENAISSANCE

1.This architectural style, the resource of inspiration for many European architects, developed in early 15th century Italy during the rebirth of classical art and learning. It succeeded the Gothic as the style dominant in all of Europe after the mid 16th century into classicism. Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy, but also in France and Spain and the treatise “De architectura” by the Roman architect Vitruvius. Initially, it was characterized by the use of the classical orders, round arches, and symmetrical composition.

2.The Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective. The concern for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic. Churches, palaces, gardens, and wellorganized open, urban spaces are the architectural works most often associated with this time.

3.Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is said to have created the Renaissance. In the early 15th century he formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. His basic vocabulary – fluted pilasters carrying entablatures, columns supporting arches, unribbed vaults which are portions of the surface of a sphere – appears in his brilliant work, Ospedade degli Innocenti (1419-51) in France. It was the first building in the Renaissance manner.

4.The Italian Renaissance is assumed to have achieved the highest degree of perfection in the early 16th century. In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to build St. Peter’s Cathedral, the work of many architects, beginning with

Bramante, whose ground plan was later changed from a Greek cross to a Latin cross. St. Peter’s Cathedral is the largest church in the high Christianи И

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world. It has 29 altars in addition to the high altar. The dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral was built by Michelangelo.

1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content. a) The Renaissance succeeded the Baroque.

b) The Renaissance developed in Germany.

c) The Renaissance is assumed to have reinitiated classical details. Сd) It is stated that Bramante was the initiator of the Renaissance.

2) Answer the question:

What source did the architects of the Renaissance period get information on the classical style in architecture from?

иclassical style from Pope Julius II.

a) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the

classical style from the work of many architects, beginning with Bramante.

b) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the

c) TheбАarchitects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the classical style from basic vocabulary of Filippo Brune Heschi.

d) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the classical style from the ancient classical buildings and the treatise “De architectura” by the Roman architect Vitruvius.

3) Point out which part of the text (1, 2, 3, 4) includes the answer to the question:

What was the essential principle of Renaissance architectural traditions? a)3; b) 1; c) 4; d)2.

4)Identify the main idea of the text.

a)Renaissance architecture affected the principles and traditions of European architecture.

b)The Renaissance architecture achieved its peak in Italy in the early 16th century.

c)The Renaissance architecture has its own vocabulary that is basic elements like fluted pilasters, columns supporting arches.

d)The architects of the Renaissance period derived inspiration and knowledge from classicism of ancient Greeks.ДИ

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