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6.What are the foreigners usually puzzled by when thinking about English life?
7.What are the three main contrasts of the English nation?
Ex.6 Make up the plan of the text in the written form and retell the text according to it.
Note: “A” [ ] hundred is a less formal USAGE than “one [ ] hundred” e.g. 101 one hundred and one [
152 one hundred and fifty-two [
2 325 two thousand, three hundred and twenty-five [
3(rd) January 1995: “the third of January nineteen ninety-five” is often abbreviated to 3 Jan’ 95 (Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, July, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov,
Dec) or to numbers only: 3/I/85 |
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Vulgar fractions |
Decimal fractions |
¼ a/one quarter |
0,25 (nought) point two five |
½ a/one half |
0,5 (nought) point five |
1/3 a/one third |
0,33 (nought) point, three three |
30 days have September, April, June and November; all the rest have 31, excepting February alone, which has but 28 days clear and 29 in each Leap year.
GB/US usage can have a comma in place of a full point e.g. 6,770,400 (six million, seven hundred seventy thousand and four hundred; 470,085 (four hundred seventy thousand and oh eighty-five. This comma way can also be replaced by a full point and will be written as 470.085 or 6.770.400.
Read the numbers: 281.500; 296.900; 244.100; 8,548,075; 25,571,463.
1. a) Note “A” [ ] hundred is a less formal USAGE than “one [ ] hundred”
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b)In the spoken forms of vulgar fractions (in common use; generally prevalent), the versions “a half ½ /a quarter ¼ /a third 1/3” are preferred to “one half/one quarter/one third” whether the measurement is approximate or precise. With more obviously precise fractions like 1/8,
1/16: “one eight”, “one sixteenth” is normal.
c)In collective numbers:
“6” – is “a half dozen” or half a dozen “12” – is “a dozen” or one dozen “20” – is “a score” or one score
“24” – is “two dozen” and not two dozens
“144” – is “a gross” or one gross [ |
] |
2. Mathematical Expressions
Below are some of the more common symbols and expressions used in mathematics and statistics where the first one is more formal and the second less:
“+ ” – plus or and;
“– “ – minus or take away;
“x ” – (is) multiplied by or times;
“: “ – (is) divided by;
“= ” – is equal to or equals;
“< ” – is less than;
“> ” – is more than;
“% ” – per cent
3. Computer numbers
Cheque books, business accounts have long strings of numerals. If such a number has to be read aloud, the numerals are spoke as separate digits. Doubled numerals may be read separately or “66” as “double six”. For example, “05216472” is, oh, five/two, one/six, four/seven, two. “0” can also be read as “zero” (formal).
4. Measurements
Traditionally GB and US measurements have been made in inches, feet, yards, miles but there is now a move towards the metric system of millimeters, metres, kilometers.
b) London to New York is five thousand, five hundred and six kilometers (5 506 km).
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Height/Depth
a) The airliner is flying at a height/an |
b) The airliner is flying at a |
altitude of twenty thousand feet (20.000 |
height/an an altitude of six |
ft). |
thousand metres (6 000 m). |
a) The sea’s average depth is twelve |
b) The sea’s average depth is three |
thousand feet or two and a half miles |
thousand seven hundred metres |
(12.000 ft). |
(3 700 m). |
Dimension |
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a) This room is sixteen foot/feet (wide) by |
b) This room is three metres (wide) |
twenty-five (foot/feet) (long). (16 ft x 25 ft |
by eight and half (metres) (long). |
or 16’x25’). |
(3 m x 8.5 m). |
Area a) Scotland has an area of thirty thousand, four hundred and five square miles (30 405 sq miles).
a) The house is for sale with ten acres of grounds.
b) Scotland has an area of seventysix thousand, two hundred and thirty-five square kilometers
(76 235 sq km).
b) The house is for sale with four hectars of ground.
5. Measurements (Human)
Height: Note that “tall”, not “high” is used.
a) My sister is five foot/feet six
(inches) (tall). (5 ft 6 in/5’6”).
a) She is 36-24-36. (36 inches round the bust, 24 round the waist, 36 round the hips).
b) My sister is one metre sixty-eight (centimeters) (tall). (1 m 68 cm/1,68 m).
b) She is 91-61-91. (91 centimetres round the bust, 61 round the waist, 91 round the hips).
1) nouns (Verb + -tion = noun) -ation
to educate – to inform – to promote – to quality – to produce –
2) nouns (Verb + -ment = noun)
to entertain – to pay –
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to advertise – to govern – to treat –
to infringe –
3) adjectives (noun + -al = adjective)
education – promotion – commerce – culture – profession – region – nation –
4) adverbs (adj + -ly = adverb; noun + -ly = adverb or adj)
near – week – sole –
reasonable – profitable – fierce –
be + Past participle |
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Past participle |
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Regular |
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“ed” |
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Irregular |
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3d form |
The cars are produced in Japan. It is built in 1970.
Note: 1. The participle never changes. To change the tense, change the verb
“be”.
2.Ways of translating into Russian:
a.endings: ся, сь;
b.был, была, были, было + краткое причастие;
c.буду, будем, будет, будут + краткое причастие;
d.неопределенно-личным предложением.
Uses
No agent: When we don’t need or want to say who did the action.
The office was painted last week (not the workers painted …)
He has been promoted to manager (not the company has promoted …)
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Vegetables are grown in this area (not farmers grow …)
Giving facts: When we are concentrating on one thing and are describing what happens or happened to it.
1.Where is your calculator? It has been stoten.
2.Why didn’t you drive a car to day? It is being repaired.
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am |
Regular |
asked |
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Present Simple |
is |
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are |
Irregular |
seen |
The book is asked every day. They are seen every day.
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am |
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Regular |
asked |
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Present Continuous |
is |
being |
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are |
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Irregular |
spoken |
The book is being asked now. They are being spoken about now.
Present perfect |
have |
been |
Regular |
asked |
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has |
Irregular |
spoken |
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The book has already been asked. They have already spoken about.
Ex.1 Put the verbs into Passive:
1.The walls (to paint) every year.
2.He (to ask) on the telephone now.
3.The book (to speak) much about.
4.I (not to invite) to the theatre yet.
5.The dictionary (to use) while translating.
6.The delegation already (to meet) at the station.
Past Simple |
was |
Regular |
ed |
were |
Irregular |
3d form |
The book was asked yesterday. The film was seen 2 days ago.
Past Continuous |
was |
being |
Regular |
ed |
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were |
Irregular |
3d form |
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He was being asked on the telephone at 5 p.m. yesterday. We were being met at the station at 3 p.m. yesterday.