Материал: Аврамова NUCLEAR ENGLISH 2013

APPENDIX

LINKING DEVICES

Linking devices are important because they show how the parts of the sentence or of the text relate to each other. They are like signposts on a road, because they help the reader understand where he or she has come from, or where he or she is going to.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «as».

as – как, в качестве – предлог e.g.: He works as an engineer.

as – 1) как (в вводных предложениях и оборотах) e.g.: As you know… As mentioned above…

2)когда, в то время как, по мере того как e.g.: As the temperature rises…

3)так как, поскольку

e.g.: As the problem is too difficult…

as… as – так же… как, такой же… как

NB! as soon as – как только

as long as, so long as – пока, если только as to/as for – что касается

as well as – так же, как as well – также

as early as the 19th century – еще, уже в 19 столетии as far as we know - насколько нам известно

as yet – до сих пор

1.As you know, it was E. Fermi that started up the first nuclear reactor in 1942.

2.As mentioned above, light water serves both as a coolant and as a moderator in the LWR.

3.Radioactive material becomes less radioactive as time goes by.

4.As radiation continues the level of radioactivity falls exponen-

tially.

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5.Radioactivity decreases with time as radioactive isotopes decay into stable, non-radioactive ones.

6.As uranium nuclei split, they release more neutrons, which can be used to split further nuclei.

7.Spent fuel is treated as high-level waste.

8.As the speed of light is extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary means.

9.As the temperature rises, the total energy radiated by a body in-

creases.

10.The mass of the proton is small. It is nearly 2000 times as heavy as that of the electron.

11.As the atom fissions, heat and more neutrons are released by the

atom.

12.As soon as this occurs, the two isotopes are readily separated both by chemical and physical means.

13.Alpha-particles continue to exist as long as they move fast enough.

14.Like all other subatomic particles, electrons have wavelike as well as particle-like properties.

15.As a gas is cooled, it loses heat as well as energy.

16.As far as we know, the supplies of oil will not last very long.

17.The concept of the breeder reactor is almost as old as the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.

18.The chain reaction in the fuel stops as soon as the fuel is removed from the reactor.

19.As discussed above, the neutrons released in the fission process are slowed down as they strike the hydrogen nuclei in the water coolant.

20.In any nuclear power reactor heavy metal atoms are consumed

as the fuel “burns”.

21.Every chemical change involves a physical change as well.

22.In nature uranium occurs as a mixture of two isotopes: U235 and

U238.

23. Any spent fuel will still contain some of the original U235 as well as various plutonium isotopes.

24. As the name suggests, dry cooling relies on air as the medium of heat transfer.

25. This process creates carbon dioxide as a by-product.

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Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «because».

because – потому что, так как (союз, вводит придаточное пред-

ложение)

because of – из-за, вследствие, благодаря (предлог)

1.Because the neutron is neutral, the positive charge of the nucleus does not affect it.

2.Because of their electric charge protons do not penetrate matter as easily as neutrons do.

3.Because of their energy the molecules of a liquid are always in rapid motion.

4.Friction causes losses because part of the useful energy is transformed into useless heat because of friction.

5.Because γ-radiation has no weight, it is very penetrating.

6.Many people are opposed to nuclear power because of fear associated with radiation.

7.Nuclear fusion has attracted scientists because of its tremendous amount of energy.

8.Fusion power is difficult to achieve because of the tremendous complexity of the process.

9.Because the world’s uranium supply is limited, it is necessary to develop alternative energy sources.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «one».

one – один, единица (числительное)

one (ones) – слово-заменитель существительного one – вы (местоимение)

NB! once – 1) как только (союз), 2) однажды (наречие) at once - сразу

1.One should remember that one form of energy can be transformed into another one.

2.This value is equal to one.

3.One of the neutrons must trigger another fission.

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4.The time comes when one has to make a decision.

5.This particle has a mass the same as that one.

6.One can express the same information in terms of the decay con-

stant.

7.Carbon emissions can be reduced by simply replacing fossil fuel power plants with nuclear ones.

8.One neutron is needed to continue the chain reaction, one must convert a fertile nucleus into one that is fissile.

9.Many countries are replacing their older plants with new ones.

10.Another source of radioactivity is when one form of a radioisotope changes into another one, or isomer releasing a gamma-ray in the process.

11.Once the fission reaction was experimentally confirmed in 1939, scientists in many countries started nuclear fission research.

12.Once started, the chain reaction must be controlled.

13.Once the nucleus gives off some type of radiation, the original atom changes into a new one, with different nuclear properties.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «only».

only – только (частица)

the only – единственный (определение к существительному)

1.Hydrogen is the only element containing one electron.

2.The only fissile material found in nature is U235.

3.Fossil fuel is not the only source of energy.

4.Nuclear power should only be used for peace.

5.This paper only deals with the safety of nuclear reactors.

6.“We can’t go back, we can only go forward”, said the scientist.

7.Inherent or passive safety depends only on physical phenomena, such as convection, gravity or resistance to high temperatures.

8.Nuclear power is the only technology that takes care of its wastes.

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Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of «since».

since – с, после (какого-то времени) – предлог

e.g.: Since the discovery…

since - с тех пор, как (союз времени)

e.g.: Since radioactivity was discovered… since – так как, поскольку (союз причины)

e.g.: Since the atom is electrically neutral,… since – с тех пор (наречие)

e.g.: This hasn’t happened since.

1.Radiation has been with us since the beginning of the earth.

2.Since the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 the use of radiation has become widespread.

3.Scientists have studied the use of radioisotopes since the beginning of the 20th century.

4.Since Rutherford’s time radiations have been classified into 3 basic types.

5.Since an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, it is electrically neutral.

6.Since the neutron is uncharged, it is an ideal projectile for nuclear bombardment.

7.Since the neutron is uncharged, it is not affected by the charged

electrons and protons.

8.Since electrons have a negative charge, atoms that lose electrons become positively charged ions.

9.Since an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged.

10.Since radiation presents health problems, it must be handled with great care.

11.Fossil fuels are bad for the environment since they cause pollu-

tion.

12.Fusion power has been under investigation since the 1950s.

13.Since the fuels we use today are limited, scientists are looking for new ways to obtain energy.

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