
Lesson 1Ф 83
Упражнение
3.
Укажите,
в
каких
предложениях
словоthatпереводится а) «что»; б) «который»; в) замещает
существительное.
1. We call the muscles that form internal oigans are called visceral
muscles. 2. We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart. 3. The
structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.
(Ответ:a) 2; 6) 1; в) 3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 34 Грам-
матического справочника.)
LESSON THREE
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1.
ВременагруппыPerfect (Active Voice)(§ 12)
2.
Степени сравнения прилагательных (§ 3)
3.
Функции и перевод словbecause, because of(§ 37)
Часть I
Слова к части I
cardiovascular[ ka:diou'vaeskju:b]
a
сердечно-сосудистый
circulate ['sakjuileit]
vциркулировать circulation
[,sd:kju:'leijn] nкровообращение
circulatory [,s9:kju:leit9ri]
ациркуля-
торныйartery ['a:tsri] n
артерияvein [vein] n венаcapillary
[ka'pilari] n капиллярthorax
['0o:raeks] n
груднаяклеткаthoracic [09'raesik]
агруднойatrium ['eitriam] n
предсердиеauricle ['o:rikl] n
предсердиеventricle ['ventnkl] n
желудочекvalve [vaelv] n
клапанpump[рлшр] v
накачивать; n насосaorta [ei'o:ta]
n аортаdissolve [di'zolv] v
растворять(ся)nourish['плп/] v
питать(ся) nourishment
['nAriJmsnt] n питаниеwhile [wail]
cjвтовремя, как; тогдакак
impurity [im'pju:driti]
ппримесьfluid ['fluid]
пжидкостьminute
[mai'nju:t]амаленький,
мельчайший

84 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов.
to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give
Упражнение 2. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во временах
группыPerfect(см. таблицу в § 12 Грамматического справочника).
1. called; has called; is calling; 2. had thought; think; is thought; 3. shall
have come; came; comes; 4. have given; gave; will give; 5. distinguish; has
distinguished; distinguishes
Упражнение 3. Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в
следующих предложениях.
1. We have just learned the general structure of the body. 2. The bones
of the skull protect the brain structure from injury. 3. All the bones of the
body are of different types. 4. Muscles are constantly assisting in the body
movement. 5. The doctor had already examined the girl's heart when the
professor came in. 6. We shall have got the books in anatomy by tomorrow
morning.
Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие группы слов. Найдите
прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.
more flexible bony tissue, lower arm, less compact bone, inner portion,
the longest bone, the most difficult test
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения;
определите, какую функцию выполняют словаbecauseиbecauseof.
1. Penicillin is an important antibiotic because of its antiseptic prop-
erties. 2. Many infectious diseases are dangerous because it is difficult to
treat them. 3. The false ribs received this name because they join the
seventh rib at the point before they reach the sternum. 4. Acetabulum got
its name because of its resemblance to a rounded cup which the Romans
used for acetum.
Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их.
atrium ['eitriam], serum ['sidram], to contain [kan'tein], tricuspid
Itrai'kAspid], valve [vaelv], oxygen ['эк$к1з(э)п], diaphragm ['daidfraem],
blood [bUd]
Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений.

Lesson 3 О-85
1.
By the [з] cardio'vascular /system j we 'mean the /heart, | the |i]
/arteries, | the [э] /veins | and the [э] capillaries of the [э] human \body. |
2.
From the 'left /heart | the well-oxyge'nated /blood | is 'pumped into a
'large /artery j 'called the [i] a\orta. |
3.
The /artery j that re'ceives the 'blood from the 'right /ventricle j and
'carries it to the /lungs j is the 'pulmonary \artery. |
Упражнение 8. Запомните значения нижеприведенных суффиксов.
Прочтите и переведите производные слова.
1.
прилагательное + -1у = наречие: gradualпостепенный— gradu-
allyпостепенно.
anatomically, functionally, finally, freshly
2.
-ist— встречается в существительных, обозначающих людей по
профессии, занятию, убеждениям.
ecologist, chemist, anatomist, physiologist
3.
-ate [eit] — суффикс глагола.
to communicate, to circulate, to separate, to graduate
4.
-ate [it] (-ete, -ite, -ute)— суффикс прилагательных и суще-
ствительных.
graduate, delegate, ultimate, accurate, complete, minute
5.
-ward (s)- встречается в прилагательных, наречиях, предлогах,
обозначая направление.
towards, upward, downwards, eastward, inward, backward, forward
3-846
Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.
1. pure, impure, purity, impurity; 2. to weigh, weight, weightless,
weighty; 3. to circulate, circulatory, circulation; 4. artery, arterial, arteriole,
arteriosclerosis; 5. to separate, separately, separation; 6. to nourish,
nourishment
Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.

86 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
molecular weight, to put on (to gain) weight, to lose weight, systemic
circulation, circulating system, poor circulation, venous pulse blood,
thoracic cavity
Упражнение 11, Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на 4 части и
выразите основную мысль каждой из них.
Text А
The Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
1.
The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the
cardiovascular system we mean the heart, the arteries, the veins and the
capillaries of the human body.
2.
The centre of the circulatory astern is the heart. The human heart is
a cone-shaped organ, about 5 fnches
1
long and 3 1/2 inches broad. It
weighs aboutg in the adult male, 6 ounces in the female. It lies in the
thoraiic'caity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs. The
heart is a hritlovv muscle which four chamber. The right heart consists of
an tipper'chamber, the atribm or the'auricle and a
Jover chambere ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way
lalve, the tricuspidvklve. The left heart has two chambers, but the valve
that separates its chambers we call the mitral valve. Although the heart is
a unit, anatomically and functionally, we may think of it as of two pumps -
the «right heart» and the «left heart». The right heart receives blood from
the veins and pumps it into the lungs by way of the lesser circulatory
system. In the lungs the blood receives oxygen. Then it moves into the
left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood moves into a
large artery, the aorta. The blood returns to the heart by means of the
veins. The walls of the capillaries are so thin that the dissolved
nourishment that has come from the digestive system and the oxygen
that has come from the lungs can pass through them into the tissues of
the body and so nourish it. The capillaries form a close network all over
the body. They gradually join together and get larger, and become veins.

Lesson 3 О-87
Left
pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Left atrium
Mitral
valve
Aortic
valve Left
ventricle
Interventricular
septum
Right ventricle
3.
Blood vessels that receive blood from the ventricle and lead it away
from the heart and towards other organs are arteries («air duct» — Greek).
The vessels received this name because the early anatomists assumed
that they had been empty in dead persons and had carried air.The artery
that takes up theblood from the right ventricle and carries it to the lungs is
the («lungs» — Latin). The pulmonary artery divides in two - one branch
leads to the right lung, the other — to the left. The arteries continue to
divide and subdivide and form smaller and smaller vessels with thinner
and thinner walls. The smallest arteries are the arterioles and these finally
divide into capillaries («hairlike» — Latin). We name them so because of
their fineness, though actually they are much finer than hairs.
4.
Gradually the capillaries begin to join into larger vessels. Such larger
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the organs are the veins.
The smallest of these are the venules.
5.
The particular vein into which the capillaries and venules of the lungs
finally unite is the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries the freshly
oxygenated blood to the left auricle. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary
vein make up the pulmonary circulation.
6.
The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through a
one-way valve into the aorta («to lift up» — Greek). Thp aojjta is the largest
artery in the body. It movfes upward at first (the ascending orta), but then
Right atrium
Pulmonary
valve
Tricuspid
valve Interior
vena cava
Right pulmonary
a**™
Fig. 3. Diagram of the heart.
Aorta ----
Superior vena
cava