2) Answer the question:
What power do most renewable energy technologies use? a) Natural processes provide all renewable energy.
b) The sun is power for most renewable energy technologies. c) People put into practice most renewable energy projects and
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d) The hydrosphere absorbs a major fraction of the incoming radiation. |
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Why is renewable energy valuable? |
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b) 3; |
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4)Identify the main idea of the text.
a)The renewable energy technologies promote people not to live everywhere they want.
b)The Earth climate is affected by the incoming solar radiation.
c)Renewable energy is the kind of energy which is naturally replenished.
d)Renewable energy is vitally important for people.и
GRAVITATION
1.Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which physical bodies attract with a force proportional to their mass. In everyday life, gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Gravitation causes dispersed matter to coalesce, and coalesced matter to remain intact, thus accounting for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the universe.
2.Gravitation is responsible for keeping the Earth and the other planets in their orbits around the Sun; for keeping the Moon in its orbit around the Earth; for the formation of tides; for natural convection, by which fluid flow occurs under the influence of a density gradient and gravity; for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high temperatures; and for various other phenomena observed on the Earth.
3.Gravitation is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with electromagnetism, and the nuclear strong force and weak force. Modern physics describes gravitation using the general theory of relativity by Einstein, in which it is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime governing the motion of inertial objects. The simpler Newton's law of
universal gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations. ИбА
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1)Define, which statement conforms to the text content.
a)Gravitation is explained by the laws of electromagnetism, the nuclear strong force and weak force.
b)Gravitation plays crucial role in the life of the Universe.
c)Gravitation can change the speed of the falling object.
d)Gravitation doesn’t affect natural phenomena on the Earth.
2)Answer the question:
What determines the necessity of gravitation study by scientists?
a)Scientists consider gravitation to be the main motive power of all natural phenomena taking place on the Earth.
b)There exist some theories of gravitation, the modern approach to this phenomena being not based on the earliest study of nature.
c)Gravitation is responsible for keeping the Earth in its orbit around the Sun and for various phenomena observed on the Earth.
d)Scientists believe that gravitation is responsible for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the universe.Си
3)Complete the statement according to the text.
For the Earth gravitation …
a)is vitally important;
b)plays more important role than for other planets;
c)was a crucial factor only while its formation;
d)allows the objects to attract to each other.
4)Identify the main idea of the text.
a)It is considered that without gravitation there would be no life on the Earth.
b)Due to gravitation the Earth and the other planets are able to orbit around the Sun.
c)Gravitation is a very important natural phenomenon affecting the life of our universe.
d)Due to gravitation various nature phenomena take place on the Earth.бА
HISTORY OF ROBOTICSИ
1. The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.
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2. The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word «robota», meaning «compulsory labour». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but lacking human sensibility, being able of performing only
automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become Сpossible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s and the
miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.
иtheir operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of
3. Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle
the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding
environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change
factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications.
1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content.
a) The first true robot was created due to development of mechanics. |
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c) Robotics is an equally developed branch of technology in many |
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d) First people began to mention about mechanical things in the 18th |
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2) Answer the question:
What sphere of human activity was the term «robot» used for the first time?
a)It is believed that people have been interested in robotics since ancient times.
b)The Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek used the term «robot».
c)It is known that the term «robot» appeared in the works of a man of
arts.
d)The term «robot» is of the Czech origin meaning «compulsory labour».
3)Complete the statement according to the text.
These days the application of robots is increasing…
a)as there appear new models of robots;
b)because people try to automate their working places;
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c) because robots use the principle of feedback; d) in order to completely replace people at work.
4) The main idea of the text is …
a) Some countries pay much more attention to the exploration of robot technology.
b) The development of computer technologies affects the development of Сrobotics.
c) During all the period of the history of robotics people have tried to advance this technology.
d) One should differentiate between the terms «automaton» and «robot».
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1.Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. The first electrical engineer was probably William Gilbert who designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. He was also the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity. In 1775 Alessandro Volta's scientific experimentations devised the electrophorus, a device that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.
2.Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. It now covers a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, RF engineering, and signal processing.
3.Electrical engineering may include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with systems such as electric power transmission and electrical machines, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of electronic systems including computers, communication systems, integrated circuits, and radar. From a different point-of-view, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit electric power, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to process information.
1)Define, which statement conforms to the text content.и И
a) Alessandro Volta was busy with developing electric devices in the 18th century.
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b)People began to use electrical engineering on a wide scale in the latter half of the 19th century.
c)William Gilbert managed to prove the difference between magnetism and static electricity.
d)In the USA electronic engineering is not the part of electrical engineering.
2) Answer the question:
What does electrical engineering concerned with mainly?
a)It came into being after commercialization of some ideas in the field of electricity.
b)It deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.
c)It is occupied with studying its difference from electronic engineering.
d)It covers a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers and so on.Си
3)Complete the statement according to the text.
There are still different points of view on …
a)the time when scientists began thorough study of electricity;
b)the interrelationship between electric and electronic engineering;
c)the origin of the term electricity;
d)the cause of electrical engineering origin.
4)The main idea of the text is …
a)Electrical engineering is a relatively new field of engineering dealing with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.
b)The study of electricity and the ways of its application has been a subject of scientific interest for four centuries so far.
c)There exist different points of view on the interrelations between electrical engineering and electronic engineering.
d)Though electrical engineering appeared in the latter half of theбА
19thcentury, it finds a wide application in our life at present.
VACUUM
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1.Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2.The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower
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