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4)a formal agreement or contract between two or more states, such as an alliance or trade arrangement;

5)to assign officially, as for a position, responsibility.

15. Find and underline the sentences with the following words in the text (ex. 16).

•	adopt;
•	bicameral;
•	branch;
•	chamber;
•	checks and balances;
•	constitutional crisis;
•	declare war;						И
•	deem;						И
•	deem;
•	executive power;					Д
•	legal document;
•	legislative power;
•	overturn;
•	power of the purse;			б
•	representative democracy;
•	supreme;		и		А
•	wherein.		и
•	wherein.	С
16. Read the text to find out:
1.	When was the Russian constitutional crisis?
2.	When was the Constitution adopted according to which Russia is a
federation?
3.	What is the head of the state?
4.	What is the head of the government?
5.	What branches does the federal government comprise?
6.	What do these branches consist of?

321

Pic. 191	Pic. 192
	Government and Politics in Russia
According to the Constitution, which was		adopted by	national
referendum on 12	И		Russian
	December 1993 following	the 1993

constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semi-presidential

republic, wherein the President is the head of the state and the Prime

chambers of the Federal Assembly. TheДgovernment is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of the Russian

Minister is the head of the government. The Russian Federation is

fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. Executive power

is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two

Federation, which serves as the country's supreme legal document and as a
social contract for the people of theАRussian Federation.
	The federal government is composed of three branches:
	С
•	Legislative: The bicameralбFederal Assembly, made up of the State
Duma and the Federation Council adopts federal law, declares war,
approves treaties, hasиthe power of the purse, and has power of
impeachment, by which it can remove the President.
•	Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military,

can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.

• Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.

322

Pic. 193

The president (pic. 193) is elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 2 March 2008. The national legislature is the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers; the 450-member State Duma

and the 176-member Federation Council. Leading political parties in
Russia include United Russia, the CommunistИParty, the Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia and Fair Russia.
	Д
17. Use your answers to tell about the government and politics in Rus-
sia (pic. 191 - 192).	А

18. In pairs, discussиthe problemбof presidential term extending to a

six-year term. Imagine you are one of the Duma’s members. One of you agrees with this idea, and another disagrees. Prove your ideas.

19. Look at the word economics. Write your associations with this
word.	С

E n e r g y

M o n e y

323

20. Match the words (1-12) with their definitions (a-l).

1)consumption;

2)currency;

3)energy;

4)industry;

5)investment;

6)money;

7)nuclear power;

8)office;

9)oil;

10)outlook;

11)regrowth;

12)supply.

a)the resurgence of an industry, economy, etc.;И

b)a source of power; Д

c)the official currency, in the form of banknotes, coins, etc.;

d)a metal or paper medium of exchange that is in current use in a particular country; А

e)a room or set of rooms in which business, professional duties, clerical work, etc.; б

f)power, especially electrical or motive, produced by a nuclear reactor;

g)another name for petroleum;и

h)organized economic activity concerned with manufacture, extraction and processing Сof raw materials, or construction;

i)expenditure on goods and services for final personal use;

j)the act of investing money;

k)willingness and ability to offer goods and services for sale;

l)view or prospect.

21. Use the dictionary to find the definitions to your own associations to the word ‘economics’ in ex. 19.

324

22. Read the text below about Russia’s economy and complete the table.

average salary in Russia in 2000, in					……
2008
Russians lived below the national					……
poverty line in 1998, in 2007
unemployment in Russia in 1999, in					……
2007
world's largest reserves					……
second largest reserves					……
eighth largest reserves					……
Russian exports					……
world’s largest gas producer and ex-					……	И
porter
Russia is well ahead with					……
Russian foreign reserves in 1999, in					……
2008
middle class in 2000, in 2006					……
Russian financial position				since	……
Russian financial position				since	……
1998					Д
principal factor in Russia's growth					Д
principal factor in Russia's growth					……
Putin’s years in office:					……
industry				А……
investments			б		……
agricultural production			б		……
construction		и			……
real incomes		и			……
real incomes					……
average salary					……
consumer credit					……
	С				decreased from 30% in 2000 to
people living below the poverty line					decreased from 30% in 2000 to
					14% in 2008
arms sales					……
IT industry					……
space launch industry					……
nuclear power plant companies					……
electronics					……
main source of hard currency					……
Russian agriculture					……

325

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