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2.Some of the market porters wear “bobbing hats” made of thick leather and wood, with flat tops for carrying foxes.
3.Smithfield market is one of the largest meat markets in the world. It is opened from 5 a.m. to 9 a.m.
4.Brixton market is a daily market with a west-Indian atmosphere. Unusual caribean-style fruit and vegetables are on sale.
5.Berwide Street market is a lively fruit and vegetable market. It is held in the heart of Soho.
6.Portobello market specializes in antiques.
7.New Covent Garden market (open from 3 a.m. to 11 a.m.) is a fruit, vegetable and flower market.
Ex.11 Describe any markets you have visited and the kinds of thing you have bought.
Ex.12 Say, what you can buy at these shops:
a Department Store, a furniture store, a stationer’s, a jeweller’s, a chemist’s, a pet store.
Ex.13 Read and translate the dialogue. Act it out in class.
Customer: Can you tell me how to get to the shoe department?
Saleswoman: It’s on the fourth floor. You can take the elevator over there. Salesman: Good morning. May I help you?
Customer (Mrs.Brown and her daughter Mary): I’d like a pair of dress shoes.
Salesman: What colour would you like? Customer: Light brown in leather or suede. Salesman: What is you size?
Customer: Six and a half.
Salesman: Would you like to try on these shoes, please.
Customer: I don’t like this style. What about you, Mary? Mary: I don’t like it either. Do you have another style?
Salesman: How about this one?
Mary: I like it. Does this pair look fine on me? Salesman: Very fine, indeed. It fits you perfectly. Customer: How much are they?
Salesman: $49.99 plus tax. Customer: Where do I pay?
Salesman: You can pay right here. Here’s your change and receipt. Thank you.
Come again.
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Ex.14 Produce your own dialogue between a customer and a shop-assistant.
At the beginning of the 6th century, Scotland was ruled by Scottish kings and queens, but was divided between different groups of people: the Picts and Celts, who were the oldest inhabitants, the Scots, who came from Northern Ireland, the Britons, who were driven north by the Anglo-Saxon invaders of England, and the Angels, who originally came from what is now Germany. The Romans had left two centuries earlier.
England and Scotland were finally united when, in 1603, the son of Mary
Queen of Scots became James I of England. This was because Mary’s cousin
Elizabeth I of England had left no heir when she died.
Today Scotland is part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. There is a special minister in the Government, the Secretary of State for Scotland, who is responsible for education, local government and other important matters in Scotland. Although the legal education and banking systems are slightly different from those in England, life is very similar to the rest of the United Kingdom.
Comprising an area of some 30,000 square miles (about 79,000 sq.km.) Scotland has a population of just over five million people about one third of whom live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee.
All the inhabitants speak English although about 100,000 still speak Scottish Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents of English are very strong, and visitors from abroad (or even England) sometimes have difficulty in understanding them.
In terms of physical geography Scotland can be divided into the Southern Uplands, which never rise to much more than about two thousand five hundred feet, the Central Lowlands, which include the valleys of the rivers Tay, Clyde and Forth, and the northern Highlands which are themselves divided by the Great Glen which runs from Fort William to Inverness. In this area are the tallest peaks, the highest of which is Ben Nevis (4,406 ft high – about 1,342 m) in the Grampian Mountains. The Northern Highlands are sparsely populated but contain much of the most beautiful and impressive loch, moorland, mountain and coastal scenery in the country.
Scotland is a very mountainous country; three-fourth of the area of Scotland is occupied by mountains with a great amount of moorland, in which few people live.
Scotland is famous for her beautiful large lakes with mountains, round them. They are not like the English ones; there are not so many trees and flowers, and green hills around them as in England. There are many rivers in Scotland, but they are not long. The longest and the most important Scottish river is the Clyde.
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Scottish steel has long been used chiefly by the heavy industries of the Glasgow area, where shipbuilding has been paramount. For a time Clydeside was the most famous shipbuilding district in the world. Shipyards extended along both banks of the Clyde estuary for about 30 km.
Glasgow (715,600) is Scotland’s most populous city and third largest in the
British Isles. It stands at the lowest bridging point on the river Clyde and has thus become the outstanding market centre for western Scotland, and commercially and industrially dominates Clydeside.
The industrial picture in Glasgow has rather changed. Engineering has not shrunk to the same extent as coal mining and shipbuilding. But nowadays practically as many workers are in the service industries as in manufacturing. Of the latter, textile and clothing production has long been important, and carpets are among woolen goods. Food products, furniture and office equipment are also manufactured. An activity which is extremely important in Scotland’s export trade is the blending of Scotch whisky produced in Highland distilleries.
Glasgow is also the home of two well-known football clubs, Glasgow Rangers and Celtic.
In the New Towns which emerged in the 1960s to the east of Glasgow new engineering industries developed, especially electronics.
Edinburgh (438,700) has long been recognized as the capita of Scotland, in spite of being second in size to Glasgow. The latter began to overtake Edinburgh in population with the Industrial Revolution. While Glasgow led the development of heavy industry, Edinburgh remained the country’s political and cultural centre. It is also the centre of government and commercial life.
Several factors have made Edinburgh the outstanding centre of tourism in
Scotland. Its picturesque surface features led to its being called “The Athens of the North”. On the cultural side, a great number of visitors is attracted to the city by the annual Edinburgh International Festival in the late summer. Edinburgh has a castle on a high rock, Holyrood Palace, the ancient residence of the Scottish Kings, the University and many famous schools. The capital of Scotland is famous for rubber manufacturing and engineering and also for her biscuit industry.
Every citizen in Edinburgh checks his watch by the One O’Clock Gun which is fired every day in Edinburgh Castle.
|
Vocabulary |
heir – наследник |
|
sparsely – редко |
|
loch [ ] – озеро |
|
moorland [ |
] – вересковая пустошь |
paramount – первостепенный estuary – устье реки, дельта
shrink (shrank, shrunk) – сокращать(ся)
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blend – смешивать, изготовлять смесь distillery – винокуренный завод emerge – возникать, появление picturesque – живописный
Wales is a small country, bounded on the north and west by the Irish Sea, and on the south by the Bristol Channel. Its total area is 8,006 square miles and its total population is 2.8 million people.
The ancient capital of Wales is Caernarvon, where the British monarch’s eldest son is traditionally crowned Prince of Wales.
Wales is divided into thirteen counties, but 70 per cent of the population resides in the three industrial counties of the South – Glamorgan, Monmouth and Carmarthen. Agriculture is the main occupation in the remaining ten counties in Mid-Wales and North-Wales.
Of the three industrial counties in the south, Glamorgan is the biggest, with nearly one-half of the total population of Wales. Its main industries are coalmining, iron and steel, and engineering. About two-thirds of the population live in the South Wales coastal area, where the three biggest towns are located: Swansea, Cardiff and Newport.
Cardiff (280,000), the modern national capital of Wales, is the largest city in industrial South Wales. It rose to importance with the coal mining and iron industries. Today the cargoes it handles, are mainly imports, to be distributed throughout South Wales. On imported grain flour milling developed as well as other food processing. Cardiff has a modern shopping centre. North of Cardiff lie the valleys. These are the heart of the Welsh coal and steel industries.
сounty – графство
reside – проживать, жить, находиться handle – перебирать, перекладывать
Ireland is the second largest of the British Islands lying in the Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain.
The Island of Ireland is politically divided into two parts: Northern Ireland (Ulster), which forms part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, capital Belfast, and the Republic of Ireland – a separate state named Eire [ ] in Irish; its capital is Dublin.
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Northern Ireland is a unique region within the United Kingdom, for in addition to economic problems similar to those seen in other national outlying regions, there are political divisions, which reflect the unsettled Irish issue. At present Northern Ireland in the political sense comprises six counties of Ulster, which was one of the four provinces of ancient Ireland. Three other provinces of Ulster form part of the Irish Republic.
The history of Anglo-Irish relations began with the colonization of Ireland by the Normans under Henry II of England in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries these Norman settlers became “more Irish than the Irish”, and it is possible that Ireland might have ended up as a contended Anglo-Irish society under the British Crown. However, in the 16th century Henry VIII quarrelled with Rome and declared himself head of the Anglican Church. Resistance from
Irish Catholics was strong, but was put down by Henry’s armies. And so by trying to force Irish Catholics to become Anglican and by taking a lot of their land, Henry began the two lasting problems of Anglo-Irish relations – religion and land.
What he started was continued by his daughter Elizabeth I. Ulster was a specially difficult area to bring under her rule. The soldiers of the rpovince of Ulster successfully fought against Elizabeth’s armies until 1603, but were finally defeated. Then the “Plantation of Ulster” began. “Plantation” meant that twenty-three new towns were built in Ulster to protect the needs of 170,000 new
Protestant settlers known as “planters”, most of whom came from Scotland. Religion separated the planters and native Irishmen. The Scots planters were
Presbyterians a form of Protestantism, and they were deeply suspicious of Catholics. But they brought with them their own laws and customs relating to land, which encouraged greater social stability and economic growth. The Scots also placed great emphasis on education and hard work, and they were good at business. All this sowed the seeds of Ulster’s 19th century industrialization, which made it different from the rest of Ireland.
Nevertheless the Irish continued to fight for independence and in 1921 after a mass uprising Great Britain was forced to grant independence to the south. Ulster chose to remain part of the United Kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Irish Free State declared itself a republic in 1949 and is now known as the Irish Republic, of Eire (an old Irish word for Ireland). It is completely separate and independent from Britain and Northern Ireland, and its government is in the capital city, Dublin.
In 1949 the Irish Free State declared itself a republic and became known as the Irish Republic. Six counties of Ulster where the Protestants had a majority in the population remained under British rule with the name Northern Ireland. In 1949, Northern Ireland still had its own Prime Minister and its own
Parliament at Stormont in Belfast which was responsible for the province’s internal (not foreign) affairs, but it was still part of the U.K.