Материал: Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture

Russian journal of building construction and architecture

Green roves are gardens that are made on the roves instead of ground. These days in many developed and populated cities in the world due to increased construction and reduction of ground surface everyone lacks space, so these gardens made the best alternative for yards. But this modern architecture and technology in Iran that its green capitation is less than half of standards is unknown because of not informing people and authority about this.

Green roves are a part of city manager`s effort for stabilizing cities atmosphere and is one the modern solutions for city`s ecological problems. Now green roves are an accepted part of buildings in Europe where in some cities it is an obligation for the people. In Austria, Linz green roves for business and residential functions that are more than 100 square meters and obligation. Green roves in Germany are encouraged and reinforced by the federal environment protection contract.

Green roves are protection for the earth and whoever has seen climbing plants actually could have the experience of building a green wall. Showing some interest to green walls and roves is possible with availability of technology that would make green roof building easier and cheaper. Green roves and walls are in populated area of city that might compensate lack green spots. Green wall technique is away to beautify the view of the city and improve the climate condition and will also prevent flood to flow in the city.

Therefore making the culture with media and informing people about this new method, starting new consoling offices that will be a place for architecture to give their opinion to interested citizens, providing citizens with some other subsides such as reducing taxes and relaxing the rules for those who want to be a part of mass production in housing. As a result, all people will try to get this green roof in their structures and this art of architecture in use.

References

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5.Bashir zade T. Green vertical systems, solution to reduce negative effects of modern life in city and building scale. Architectural conferences, urbanization and stable development. Khavarn institution, civilica, 2013.

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9.Fayazbakhsh K. Adapting new need of housing with traditional architecture of Islamic Iranian. Second international congress of building, architecture and developing of city. Tabriz, 2014.

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12.Mahmody M. et al. Evalution of effects of green roves in environment temperature reduction. Journal of Baghenazar, 2012, no. 20, pp. 82, 73.

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Russian journal of building construction and architecture

UDC721

Davud Saadat1, Iraj Etesam2, Seyyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrai3

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF THE EVOLUTION OF DOME CHAMBER ON THE PROCESS OF LIGHTING AND TRANSPARENCY

OF IRANIAN MOSQUES ARCHITECTURE

Islamic Azad University

Tehran, Iran, e-mail: D.saadat@iaurmia.ac.ir

1Ph. D Student in Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Science & Research Branch 2Ph. D in Architecture, Prof., Dept. of Art and Architecture, Science & Research branch Tarbiat Modares University

Tehran, Iran

3Ph.D in Art Research, Prof., Dept. of Art and Architecture

Statement of the problem. The Lord is the brightener of heavens and earth. All the lights are his, some are visible and obvious, some hidden and invisible. Although visible light like sunlight and moonlight is obvious, it depends on the hidden light, and there will be Solar and lunar eclipses for them. Life is emergence and light. In addition, light is inherently percipient of itself, and mercy of universe. Everything in the world is either light or darkness. Light has two types, abstract light, and exhibitor light. Abstract light is also called pure light. Existence of exhibitor light is from others and it reveals others.

Results. In the Islamic art and architecture, light has had a special place. In addition to its function, presence of light has been at the center of attention in terms of ideological discussions. The present study has used the library method.

Conclusions. By using written references and interpretation of Quran verses, it has been attempted to survey the role and position of light in the written sources of the Islamic architecture. Moreover, it has been tried to reveal the deep roots with which the Islamic art principles have been filled.

Keywords: Light, Transparency, Islamic Iranian architecture, Dome chamber.

Introduction

In Islamic art, light is like a secret for spiritual wayfaring. As the artist is involved with materials, and their imaginary figures cannot be free from materials and tools, so their wayfaring

This article derived from the thesis by Mr. Davud Saadat as "Comparative Study of Light and Transparency in the Iranian Mosques Architecture from Perspective of Tradition and Modern Architecture" supervised by of Doctor Mr. Iraj Etesam and Doctor Mr.Mustafa Mokhtabad and advice from Doctor Mr.Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad in Islamic Azad University (Tehran Science and Research Branch) is in progress.

© Davud Saadat, Iraj Etesam, Seyyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrai, 2017

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can never be considered the same as the one for a mystic. In the other term, revealed face of mysticism can be seen in an artistic work where it is linked to materials, sensations, and a sense of multiplicity; it can also be seen on descending Order from poem to fine arts. Moreover, when an artist is freed from material and physical forms, they step into mysticism. It means that art will be the body of mysticism, and mysticism will be the soul and life of art. Lastly, they transfer special art to public art (Madad Pour, p. 36). Light has a special position in aesthetics and art. For example, the art of architecture has allocated a detailed discussion regarding using natural light. During various historical eras, daylight and the importance of making use of it in Iranian architecture and forming interior spaces has always enjoyed a special position. By the emergence of Islam, the importance and use of daylight in various architectural works have doubled. In addition to the functional aspects, taking advantage of the presence of light in the works is a factor for lighting and vivification of daily activities. Light, whether superficial or mystical, makes beauty being flaunted (Bemanian, 2014, p. 61). The brightness of Islam is in sincerity light. Moreover, the brightness of faith is in light of verity, brightness of beneficence in light of certainty, and sensual brightness; the prophet of Islam (PBUH) said, "There is a tree in heaven with each branch in each palace. The sun is its example on earth that gleams in every place (Meibodi, 2005, second vol., p. 128). Presence of light, especially in mosque that is God's house is manifested, and it has a significant role in reducing difficulty, roughness, and coldness of stones and building. Metaphysic display of light on the physic of the building has made it the main axis of the aesthetics of Islamic architecture in mysticism and meaning (Muhammadi, 2014, p. 7).

1. Definition of light in Islamic thought

1-1. Light in Quran and Hadith

There is a chapter in Quran, named light. In this Holy Scripture, the term "Light" has been repeated for forty-three times, and the term "Darkness" has been mentioned for twenty three times. Light is sometimes equivalence for Bible, Torah, and guidance. Moreover, sometimes, light and darkness have been applied in the meaning of sight and blindness. Sometimes, it has also been applied equal to the Prophet, religion of right and straight path, divine book, and Quran. It has also been used in the meaning of reward. Sometimes light is a sense. In some of the verses, light is the irony of faith, leader and guide, and darkness is irony of disbelief, wrong path, and aberration (Nour Bakhsh, Sima, 2005, pp. 10––41). "God has seventy covers of light and darkness, and if God removes the covers, glory and splendor of his nature will

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Russian journal of building construction and architecture

burn eyes" (Nezhat, 2010). There is light of inspiration in the head of human, light of prayer among his eyes, light of certainty in his ears, light of expression in his tongue, and light of faith in his heart. In addition, there is light of gratitude of God in other creatures. If all the lights are lit together, there will be light on top of light, and God will let anyone he wishes into his light and brings him to unity and oneness. The prophet (PBUH) has said about this light that the worlds were a handful of soil, and were in their darkness. They were wandering in their dark nature, and they remained ignorant behind the curtain of creation. Suddenly eternity light rain began to fall from the eternal sky, the soil became fragrant, stone changed to gold, and the color of sky and earth changed (Meibodi, 2006, pp. 127––129). It has been mentioned in Prophetic Hadith "the first thing God created was light" (Nasr, 2010, p. 62).

1-2: light in the idea of Islamic elders, and Iranian thinkers

1-2-1. Najm Razi

About light, he says that " as you see anywhere in both worlds, you will see both light and darkness, and it is filled with the lights of his benignity and wrath traits (Madad Pour, p. 35). Whatever has the sign of existence see, it is either shadow of his light, or him.

1-2-2. Ibn Heitham

He, who is one of the first physicians of the science history of the world, has stated the relation between fitness, goodness, and beauty in his famous book, Al-Manazer (the Scenes). This great scholar of Islam has represented twenty-two factors to define and explain beauty (goodness), among which color and light beside fitness, to put it differently, have a special role; they were considered the components of beauty in the Islamic art and civilization. Ibn Heitham knew of light as an important factor that could have an effect on the ego to represent a beautiful face (Hassan Bokhari, 2006, pp. 28–29).

1-2-3. light in the idea of Suhrawardi

Light is nothing but the emergence, and emergence is nothing but the reality of light, and there is nothing but the emergence of light. Light is brighter than everything, it does not have any material or season; therefore, there is no limit for it. As a result, needlessness of light is of definition of its nature essence. Regarding the origin of light, explaining the relationship between it and the light is visible, because wisdom is continuously going from Sensible to reasonable, and it is always trying to relate sensible and insensible symmetries of the world to each other, whether the symmetry is right or wrong (Hekmat, Hajizadeh, 2013, p. 10).

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