Материал: ЛЕК_ТЕП_дистанційно
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ Ɍ1 Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ
ɋɥɿɞ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɯɟɦɢ, ɹɤɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɽ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɯɟɦɭ, ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɡɚɞɚɱɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. Ɂɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɦɟɬɚ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɪɭɯɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, (ɹɤ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɜɢɳɟ, ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɿ ɰɟ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɜɚɥ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ). ȿɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.10.
Ɋɭɯ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɪɭɯɭ, ɚɥɟ ɜɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ:
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ɞɟ Jȿ - ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ; Ɇɫ - ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɯɟɦɢ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ ɿ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɳɨ ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ,. Ɍɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ J ȿ' ɿ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇcɋ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɢɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ, ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɛɢɞɜɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɭɯ (ɪɢɫ. Ɍ1.11 ɚ) ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ Ɍ1.11. ɛ).
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ Ɍ1.11 - ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȿɉ ɞɨ |
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ɨɛɟɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ: |
ɚ) ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ, ɛ) ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ |
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ. Ɍɟɨɪɿɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ 1
Ɋɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ:
Ɇ' |
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(1.23) |
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ɞɟ - Ɇɫ Zɪɦ - ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɩɨɬɭɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ;
Kɩ - ɄɄȾ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ, ɳɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ɜɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɬɹ (ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɰɢɥɿɧɞɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ
Kɩ=0,95y0,98).
Ɍɨɞɿ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇ'ɫ , ɳɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɚɥɭ:
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- ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ (ɱɢɫɥɨ) ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ. |
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əɤɳɨ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɊɆ) ɪɭɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. Ɍ1.12), ɬɨ ɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɞ:
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ɞɟ U |
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- ɪɚɞɿɭɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ. |
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ Ɍ1 Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ
Ⱦɜ |
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Jɟ c |
Mc’ |
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ Ɍ1.12 - ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȿɉ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚ) ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ȿɉ, ɛ) ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ
ȱɧɨɞɿ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɡɭɫɢɥɥɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɜɢɪɚɡɨɦ:
F' |
Ɇɞ Zɞ Kɩ |
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ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɳɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ.
ɍ ɬɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɥɶɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ, ɳɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɩɨɬɭɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɞɟɳɨ ɿɧɚɤɲɟ, ɹɤ-ɨɬ:
ɆɞZɞ Ɇɫ' Zɞ Ɇɪɦ Zɪɦ Kɩ Ɇɫ ZɪɦKɩ , |
(1.27) |
ɡɜɿɞɤɢ
Ɇɫ' |
Ɇɫ Zɪɦ Kɩ |
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ɚɛɨ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ:
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ. Ɍɟɨɪɿɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ 1
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F V K |
FUK. |
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əɤɳɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ȿɉ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ, ɹɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɡ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹɦ (ɪɢɫ.
Ɍ1.13).
Mc
Ⱦɜ
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Zɪɦ |
i1 Kɩ1 |
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ Ɍ1.13 - Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ȿɉ ɿɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɹɦɢ
ɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ
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ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ ɣ ɿɧɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɚɫ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɫɭɦɚɪɧɨʀ ɿɧɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɫɿ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɚɫ ɿ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ) ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɡɚɦɿɧɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɦɚɫ ɿ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ Jɟ' ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ. ɍɦɨɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɪɿɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɿɧɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɿ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ.
Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ȿɉ ɩɿɞɣɨɦɧɨʀ ɥɟɛɿɞɤɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɿɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ (ɪɢɫ. Ɍ1.14), ɞɟ ( Ɇ1 ɿ Ɇ2
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ Ɍ1 Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ
- ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɭɮɬɢ). ɐɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɿɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1.10:
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɤɿɧɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɪɚɡɨɦ:
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ Ɍ1.14 - Ʉɿɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȿɉ ɩɿɞɣɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ
ɚ ɜ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɿ:
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(1.32) |
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ɉɪɢɪɿɜɧɸɸɱɢ ɰɿ ɜɢɪɚɡɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽɦɨ ɜɢɪɚɡ ɞɥɹ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɿɧɟɪɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɭɧɚ:
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ɚɛɨ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ |
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(1.33)
(1.34)
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