A toddler can injure oneself if left without caretaking.
She was seriously ill as an infant.
g)A celebrated lawyer gave some advice how to sell the house in the village. The bar gas become notorious as a meeting place for drug dealers.
She was more famous as a writer than as a singer.
h)It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be carried out. Linguists study various linguistic phenomena and describe them. These ideas will be explored in more detail in the following chapter.
i)The smell of cheese was floating in the air.
The rich aroma of fresh coffee was imprisoned in a can. The stale odour of cigarette smell was getting on her nerves.
j)The river glittered in the sunlight and the leaves of the trees were playing with sunbeams.
When he spoke his teeth gleamed under his moustache.
The moment the sky became cloudless, the lake started shimmering.
k)She shuddered at the thought that she could have been killed. Shake the bottle before you open it.
His lip started to tremble and then he started to cry.
l)Two friends sat in the corner and chattered about the weather.
They were talking on low voices, and I couldn’t catch what they were saying.
A spokesman said that the company had improved its safety standards.
m)When I am lonely, I smoke more than usual. You shouldn’t leave the child alone in the house. Pandas are solitary creatures.
23. Group the following words into synonymic pairs and comment on the origin of synonymy.
A looking glass, footsteps, to take a picture of smb, omit a word, to ring smb up, a wire, spectacles, a telegram, footprints, a shorthand typist, to leave out a word, to call smb up, a pen name, a mirror, glasses, a stenographer, to photograph smb, a playwright, a pseudonym, editorial, leading article.
24.Find a denotative meaning which each of the synonymic groups are based on.
a)Attractive, beautiful, elegant, glamorous, pretty.
b)Blaze, blink, flash, flicker, glow, shine, sparkle, twinkle.
c)Ache, hurt, painful, sore, sting, throb.
d)Commandeer, confiscate, deprive, grab, impound, seize, strip.
e)Construct, fabricate, forge, invent, manufacture.
25.What distinguishes each of the following pairs of synonyms: a) the level of formality; b) shades of meaning; c) the origin; d) different language varieties?
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Argument – disputation; ask for – request; astonished – gob-smacked; beauty - pulchritude; caravan – trailer; chat – gossip; destroy – zap; die – decease; famous - notorious; farm – ranch; hate -loathe; need – require; new – novel; pardon – amnesty; pavement – sidewalk; western – occidental.
26.Do the italicized words possess stylistic connotation? If so, what are the stylistic connotations of these synonyms?
a)The girl broke into a trot and disappeared round the corner. Shortly after my arrival at the school I was befriended by an older lass. She used to read books about knights and fair maidens.
b)He was a broken man after the failure of his business. He isn’t such a bad chap really. So we cannot always blame only him. Give the lad a break – it’s only his second day on the job. Sampras looks set to play his fellow countryman Agassi in the final.
c)We were in a hurry so we had to make do just with a quick snack. First prize will be a meal for two at the restaurant of your choice. We just have time for a bite to eat before the movie.
d)“Clear out!” she manages to say after hearing the news about her husband’s adultery. Government troops were forced to withdraw from a borderline. She waited until the last of the guests departed.
27.Comment on the difference between the following pairs of synonyms. How can they be classified?
An orchard – a fruit garden, eyes – blinkers, a hand – a claw, a soldier – a warrior, an enemy – a foe, money – dough, a conductor – a clippie, a forehead – a brow, a killjoy
– a wet blanket, grief – woe, to steal – to pinch, to begin – to initiate.
28. Comment on the type of synonyms.
Courage – bottle, appeal to – grab, to dismiss – to sack, week – feeble – fragile, to jump
– to spring – to skip – to hop, ache – pain – pang – twinge, to shout – to yell – to roar, angry – furious – enraged, passionate – ardent – fervent – fervid – perfervid – impassioned, to hate – to loath – to detest – to abominate – to abhor.
29. Words in the following pairs in some contexts become synonyms. However, their meanings can also be semantically not related. Provide different context for tese words to show their synonymy and polysemy.
Anxiety – care; broad – wide; curious – inquisitive; flame – passion; hungry – greedy; professor – teacher; tiny – petite.
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Euphemisms
29.Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the euphemisms, in italics, with more simple, direct words or phrases
a)I’m afraid Mrs. Wild passed away last night.
b)Excuse me, where’s the nearest public convenience?
c)Senior citizens are entitled to free bus travel.
d)Sadly, my grandfather is no longer with us.
e)In the middle of the exam I had to answer a call of nature.
f)His hat had seen better days.
g)We had to have our dog put to sleep.
h)We were obliged to dispense with Miss Farr’s services last month.
i)He has been asked to leave the country due to his involvement with activities incompatible with his diplomatic duties here.
j)The state has an obligation to assist the less privileged members of the community.
k)The estate agent says the house needs some attention.
l)The ambassador said the talks were likely to have a negative outcome.
m)Tourists are advised to avoid the less salubrious parts of the city.
n)Mr. West has shown insufficient effort in the execution of his duties.
30.The following sentences are very direct. Rewrite them, replacing the parts in italics with euphemisms.
a)He’s fat and ugly.
b)I’m going to vomit.
c)She’s a terrible cook.
d)You were drunk last night.
e)This work is very careless.
f)Grandpa can hardly walk.
g)Your representative lied to us.
h)The talks were a waste of time.
i)He’s always late for work.
j)Your product is very badly-made.
k)Our relations with your country are awful.
l)It would be stupid to go on strike now.
m)You owe us money.
n)We were very angry with you letter.
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31. Give absolute antonyms to the following words.
Agree, alert, arrange, barbarous, bright, build, cheerful, correct, courage, deep, despair, distinct, exclude, frequent, fresh, handsome, here, hostile, intelligent, more, nearer, original, preceding, reject, rough, solitary, temporary, top, victory.
32. Give derivational antonyms to the following words.
Approve, backwards, bend, careful, connect, continue, convenient, fold, important, legal, legible, like, lock, mature, painful, patient, polysyllabic, probable, pure, replaceable, reversible, upstairs, uptown, useful, wrap.
33.Give antonyms to the following words. Discriminate between derivational and absolute antonyms.
Ugly, continue, courage, slow, light, wet, frequent, kind, use, honest, smart, logical, to agree, quiet, harmful, romantic, to lock, tactful.
34.Use antonyms for the words in bold. Say whether they are absolute or derivational.
a)He has recently made this rejection explicit.
b)Companies claim to be able to produce limitless amounts of power.
c)Our occasional quarrels are reminders of a basic primordial human need for a role in a small family unit on which we still depend.
d)When life gets too hectic, it impacts on our mental and physical well-being, it’s time to take actions.
e)Through diligent research of old issues of the newspapers the research assistants gathered page after page.
f)I’m thoroughly convinced that her popularity is due to her bizarre outfit.
g)Experts will present American attitudes towards the solid waste industry and efforts to change obsolete views and stereotypes.
35.Find homonyms to the following words. Classify them.
Sum, sight, hare, bill, there, aloud, bathed, flower, right, peace, pail, too, wait.
36.Find full homonyms in the following sentences. Explain the meanings.
a)After valuation, experts band properties in groups of 20,000$ or more. Tonight, the entertainment includes a disco and live band.
b)The group’s research has done much to advance our knowledge of the HIV.
Could you distribute copes well in advance before the meeting?
c)The morning light came streaming in through the windows. People who have suffered light exposure to radiation still have to have regular medical check-up.
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d)The dogs usually bark at strangers. The bark of the birch is used to make utensil.
e)She was afraid she wouldn’t be able to bear the pain. The bear has thick fur and eats flesh, fruit, and insects.
f)Ann would like to dash into the room, to grab her bag, and to run out again. The dash is used in writing to separate two closely related parts of a sentence.
g)She looked around at the sea of faces at the cafeteria. The President faces the difficult task of putting the economy back on its feet.
h)The plot is a festival of conspiracies involving the Nazis, Soviets, the CIA and LSD, plus some oddly convenient hurricane. He was called from the right bank in the blessed plot of the tree.
37.Find homophones in the sentences. Use them in a different context by building new sentences.
a)Some people never forget insults and wait for the hour of revenge. Bill wants to spend a large sum of money on modernizing the farm.
b)You can buy jeans in every colour under the sun. In those days, the property went to the oldest son.
c)To be able to live fully in the here and now, one must first learn how to honour the past. There’s a nasty infection going round, so I hear.
d)The branch was too weak to support his weight. The Reids are coming for dinner a week from Sunday.
e)The old sailor preferred bitter to light beer. I’m glad you’ve arrived – we could all do with a little light relief.
f)To keep sales of expensive eyewear brisk in this economy, the company will have to continue to reinvent its products and itself. The government, the minister emphasized, is concentrating on taking further steps to make sure the economy sails in safe waters.
38.Find homographs in the sentences. Use them in a different context by building new sentences.
a)Many of the party’s traditional voters can suddenly desert it at the election. The plane-crash landed in the desert. No survivors were found.
b)He had just had a row with his wife? What was the row about? The children were asked to stand in a row and to dance samba.
c)“Please, don’t talk like that”, Ellen implored him, her eyes filling with tears. She carefully tears the paper.
d)This is done with a formal bow to the king or queen. A bow is used for shooting arrows, made of long thin piece of wood held in a curve bi a tight string.
e)The content of the media course includes scripting, editing, and camera work. Nor content with her new car, Selina now wants a bike.
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