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5. Change the Russian words with their English equivalents.

1. A combination of timber stringers with (деревянный или железобетонный настил) sometimes (применяется для пролетов) of less than about 20 ft. 2. (Пролеты) greatly in excess of 500 ft are generally (консольные мосты со сквозными фермами или висячие мосты). 3. For more important construction, location for the bridge structure itself becomes

Сincreasingly important and trends more and more to outweigh considerations of cost for the (конструкция подъезда к мосту). 4. (Косой) steel superstructure is generally slightly more expensive; owing to the cost of fabrication. 5. All undesirable features may be eliminated by the revised иalinement without added (кривизна). 6. Where (быки моста) must be set into streams with erodible beds, possible undermining by scour becomes a primary consideration. 7. (Быки и опора моста) can be increased in length and the wing walls on (опоры моста) will be longer on two corners. 8. A bridge structureбАshould take advantage of any narrow neck or point of construction in (фарватер). 9. Graceful (арки) of steel or reinforced concrete may well be most appropriate from an aesthetic if not from a cost point of view. 10. The weight of (косая стальная конструкция) may also be greater, especially if the (поперечные алки) are parallel to the (быки моста).

6. Answer the questions.

1.What is the purpose of bridges?

2.What are the principal differences between bridges and other structures?

3.What are the structures of bridges in the simplest terms?

4.Why there may be sharp turns at the approaches?

5.What factor will determine the location of the bridges?

6.What should the bridge-survey report include?

7.How is the proper form of the bridge chosen?

8.What is the tendency for highway bridgework today?

9.What types of bridges must be bridges engineer acquainted with?

7. Read and entitle the text, render it.

Most bridge maintenance is of a specialized nature. At times cleaning,

И

freezing, and painting bridge seats and rollers may be required. Deck joints may extrude or become filled with dirt so that their cleaning and resealing is necessary. On occasion vehicles out of control strike handrails or other appurtenances; and these must be repaired and straightened. If bridge decks become rough, resurfacing is in order. Remedial measures are sometimes required to correct serious scour around and under piers and abutments. It is common practice among highway agencies to have traveling crews exclusively for bridge work.

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8. Match Russian and English word combinations.

10. Give a talk on your speciality using the following plan.

a) the similarity of purposes of bridges and highways; the principal

c) the main parts of a bridge;

d) the criterion of choosing the location of the bridge; e) why do you want to be a bridge engineer.

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III.ENGINEERING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1.Read and learn the words by heart.

environment – окружающая среда

бА It seems that engineering andДecology have nothing in common; however,

nowadays people understand that all modern technologies should be “ecologised”. That is, a future specialist (an engineer-ecologist) will take part in the building process on its every stage (pre-designing, designing, commissioning and maintenance of the constructed object).

Environmental Engineering is the developmentИof processes and infrastructure for the supply of water, the disposal of waste and the control of pollution of all kinds. These endeavours protect public health by preventing disease transmission, and they preserve the quality of the environment by averting the contamination and degradation of air, water, and land resources.

Environmental engineering is a field of broad scope that is connected with such disciplines as chemistry, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, economics, and mathematics. It was traditionally a specialized field within civil engineering and was called sanitary engineering until the mid-1960s, when the more accurate name environmental engineering was adopted.

Projects in environmental engineering involve the treatment and distribution of drinking water; the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater; the control of air and noise pollution; the management of

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municipal solid waste and of hazardous waste; the cleanup of hazardouswaste sites; and the preparation of environmental assessments, audits, and impact studies.

The main task of highway and bridge construction is to save but not to destroy clean lakes and rivers. The whole world and particularly our country need specialists in this sphere. That’s why the qualification “Environmental

СEngineering” was created at the Highway Engineering faculty in 2001. The students study such specialized subjects as ecological law, monitoring and expertise.

Northern areas of the Omsk region are being investigated now. It is necessary to build roads and bridges there paying attention to wildlife and using environmentally friendly technologies. So, the need in such specialists

и 3. MatchбEnglish and Russian words and word combination. Learn

as engineer-ecologists is constantly growing.

them.

Volition, injury, law of limiting factors, overwatering, overfertilizing,

pitfall, growing season, drought, restricting, application, predation, constant struggle, weeds, pests, spread, influence, altering, ripple effect, verge, evidence.

Закон минимума (ограничивающих факторов), изменение, ловушка,

3. When did the term “Environmental Engineering” appear? What term was

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5. Read the text and render it.

ECOSYSTEMS: WHAT THEY ARE

1. There are two "sides" in every ecosystem, the organisms on one hand and the environmental factors on the other. All the organisms – plants, Сanimals, and microbes – in the ecosystem are referred to as the biota (bio,

"life"). The way the categories of organisms fit together is referred to as the biotic structure. The nonliving chemical and physical factors of the environment (climate, soil quality and so forth) are referred to as abiotic (a, "non") factors.

иsalinity (saltiness) and fire. The degree to which each is present or absent, high or low, profoundly affects the ability of organisms to survive. However,

2. As it was noted before, the environment involves the interplay of many

physical and chemical, or abiotic factors, the major ones being rainfall

(amount and distribution over the year), temperature (extremes of heat and

all living бАthings, both plants and animals. Some like it very wet; others like it relatively dry. Some like it veryДwarm; others do best in cooler situations. Some tolerate freezing, others don't. Some require bright sun; others do best

cold as well as average), light, water, wind, chemical nutrients, pH (acidity),

different species may be affected differently by each factor. This difference in response to environmental factors determines which species may or may not occupy a given region.

3. In any study of the abiotic side of ecology, the key observation is that

different species thrive under different conditions. This principle applies to

in shade. Thus, a single factor – temperature, say – can be varied in a systematic way, while all other factors are kept constant. Experiments show

temperature is raised still further, the plants become increasingly stressed; they do less well, suffer injury and die.

that, as temperature is raised from a low point that fails to support growth, plants grow increasingly well until they reachИsome maximum. Then, as

4. Since the results just described apply to any and all abiotic factors, we

observe what is known as the Law of Limiting Factors: Any

one factor being outside its optimal range at any given time will cause stress and limit the growth of an organism. The factor that is limiting the growth is called the limiting factor. It may be any factor that affects the organism. The Law of Limiting Factors includes the problem of "too much" as well as the problem of "too little". For example, plants may be stressed or killed by overwatering or overfertilizing as well as by underwatering or underfertilizing, a common pitfall for amateur gardeners. The factor that is limiting may change from one time to another.

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