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automobile company in

the

After

 

the

new

technology

to build

 

 

world

 

with

 

572

units

first

engine

rapid

transit

for

urban

 

 

produced in 1899.

 

 

 

powered bus

commuting. In smaller cities,

 

 

In

1892,

German

engineer

of

1895,

tramways

became

common,

 

 

Rudolf Diesel was granted a

models

 

and were often the only

 

 

patent for a “New Rational

expanded

in

mode

of

public

transport

 

С

 

 

 

In

the

1900s,

until

the

introduction

of

 

 

Combustion

Engine”.

 

 

1897, he built the first Diesel

leading

to

buses in the 1920s.

 

 

 

 

Engine. Steam-, electric-,

the

 

 

After

 

World

 

War

II

 

 

and

 

 

 

gasoline-powered

widespread

improvements

in

internal

 

и

introduction

combustion

 

 

 

engine

 

 

vehicles

competed

 

for

 

 

 

 

 

decades,

with

 

gasoline

of

 

the

technology

made

diesel

 

 

internal combustion

engines

contemporar

locomotives

cheaper

and

 

 

achieving dominance in

the

y

 

 

more powerful. This caused

 

 

1910s.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

recognisable

many railway companies to

 

 

Various

 

pistonless

 

rotary

form

of

full

initiate programs

to

convert

 

 

engine

 

designs

 

have

size

buses

all

unelectrified

 

sections

 

 

attempted

to

compete

with

from

 

the

from

steam

to

diesel

 

 

the

piston

and crankshaft

1950s.

 

locomotion.

 

the

large-

 

 

design, but

only

Mazda’s

 

 

 

Following

 

 

 

 

 

scale

 

construction

of

 

 

version of the Wankel engine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

motorways after the war, rail

 

 

has

had

more

than

very

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

transport

 

became

 

less

 

 

limited success.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

popular

for

commuting.

 

 

 

The

manufacturing

of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Most

tramways

were

 

 

 

 

 

бА

 

 

affordable automobiles on a

 

 

 

replaced by rapid transits or

 

 

large

scale was

debuted

by

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

buses. The 1973 oil crisis led

 

 

Ransom

Olds

 

at

 

his

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

to a change of mind set, and

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oldsmobile factory in 1902.

 

 

 

И

 

 

This

concept

was

greatly

 

 

 

most tram systems that had

 

 

Д

1970s

 

 

expanded

by

Henry

Ford,

 

 

 

survived

into

the

 

 

beginning in 1914. Since the

 

 

 

remain today.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1920s, nearly all cars have

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

been mass-produced.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13. Look at the scheme of automobile. Match systems of the automobile and numbers in the picture. Read and translate definitions of these systems. Can you give your own definitions?

11

 

1

9

 

 

3

2

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

 

С

 

 

 

 

8

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

7

 

 

 

 

 

 

и

6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A vehicle is composed of basic mechanical parts and devices making

up its systems; each of them fulfills a specific function:

fuel supply system – set of components supplying the fuel to the engine.

transmission system – set of components transmitting the motion produced

by the motor to the wheels.

Д

 

 

suspension system – set of components that joins the wheels to the vehicle’s

body whileбАreducing shocks caused by the road’s unevenness and improving

the hold on the road.

 

 

 

braking system – set of components that reduce the vehicle’s speed,

eventually to a halt, and keep it in place while parked.

 

 

И

steering system – set of components that direct the front wheels to guide the vehicle as it moves.

gasoline engine – engine in which a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed and ignited to produce an explosion whose energy is converted into mechanical energy.

cooling system – set of components that prevents the temperature of the engine from rising excessively.

electrical system – set of components supplying the necessary current for starting the vehicle and operating its electric accessories.

exhaust system – set of components designed to expel the engine’s burned gases into the ambient air.

fuel supply system – set of components supplying the fuel to the engine

12

What systems are represented by these elements?

spark plug gasoline pump radiator

14. Skim the text and guess which of the systems mentioned above is described in the text. Complete the text with this word. Translate all the words and word collocations given in bold.

When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of

horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power

generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car.

С

That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the …system

almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion

engine.

 

The job of a car … is to maximize the friction between the tires and

и

the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to

 

бА

ensure the comfort of the passengers.

If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, … wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these

imperfections that apply forces to the wheels.

The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a … is necessary. Most automobile engineers consider the

dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:

Ride - a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road

Handling - a car's ability to safely accelerate, brake and corner

These two characteristics can be further described in three important

principles - road isolation,

Д

road holding and cornering. The table below

describes these principles and how engineers attempt to solve the challenges unique to each.

Principle

Definition

Goal

Solution

 

 

 

И

 

 

 

 

Absorb energy

 

 

The vehicle's

Allow the vehicle

from road

 

 

ability to absorb

bumps and

 

Road Isolation

or isolate road

body to ride

dissipate it

 

shock from the

undisturbed while

without

 

 

passenger

traveling over

causing undue

 

 

rough roads.

 

 

compartment

oscillation in

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the vehicle.

 

13

 

 

The degree to

Keep the tires in

Minimize the

 

 

 

contact with the

transfer of

 

 

 

which a car

 

 

 

ground, because it

vehicle weight

 

 

 

maintains contact

 

 

 

is the friction

from side to

 

 

Road Holding

with the road

between the tires

side and front

 

 

surface in various

 

 

and the road that

to back, as this

 

 

 

types of

affects a vehicle's

transfer of

 

 

 

directional

 

 

 

ability to steer,

weight reduces

 

 

 

changes and in a

 

 

 

brake and

the tire's grip

 

 

 

straight line

accelerate.

on the road.

 

 

 

 

 

С

 

Minimize body

 

 

 

roll, which occurs

Transfer the

 

 

 

 

as centrifugal

weight of the

 

 

 

 

force pushes

 

 

 

 

car during

 

 

 

The ability of a

outward on a car's

 

 

Cornering

vehicle to travel a

center of gravity

cornering from

 

и

curved path

while cornering,

the high side

 

 

 

 

raising one side of

of the vehicle

 

 

 

 

to the low

 

 

 

 

the vehicle and

side.

 

 

 

 

lowering the

 

 

 

 

 

opposite side.

 

 

A car's …, with its various components, provides all of the solutions

 

бА

 

 

1.What are the main functions ofДsuspension system?

2.What does vehicle dynamics study?

3.What are three main principles which canИdescribe the dynamics of a moving car?

4.According to which of the principles the energy absorbing from road bumps can be dissipated without causing undue oscillation in the vehicle?described.

during braking. Because the nose of the car dips toward the road, this type of motion is known as "dive." The opposite effect -- "squat" -- occurs during acceleration, which shifts the weight of the car from the front tires to the back.

14

16. Put the following types of propulsion into the chronological order:

1. electric-powered;

2. horse-drawn;

3. gasoline-powered;

4. steam-powered.

С17. Find as many cognate words (nouns, adjectives, verbs) as possible for the following words:

to transport, to propel, electric, power, fuel.

и18. Fill in the gaps using some of these cognate words:

Most work in alternative … concepts is focused on replacing traditional internal combustion engines in automobiles. The motivation for the research is primarilyбАto achieve more sustainable methods of … than those relying on fossil fuels. To be competitive alternative fuel vehicles must be … and highspeed enough; its source of energy must provide enough range and be easily refueled/recharged. Hybrid vehicles use petroleum and another source, generally …. Petrofree cars are not … by petroleum, for example, battery electric cars, hydrogen vehicles, compressed air.

19. Skim the text and list main types of internal combustion engine’s classifications are mentioned inДthe text. Read the text paying attention to the new terms for you. Write out and translate them.

Today we will discuss about engine and types of engine used in automobile. Any device which can convert heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy is known as engine or heat engine. Engine is widely used in automobile industries or we can say thatИengine is the heart of an automobile. Basically engine may be classified into two types.

Types of Engine:

1. External combustion (E.C.) Engine

It is an engine in which combustion of fuel take place outside of the engine. In this type of engine heat, which is generated by burning of fuel is use to convert the water or other low boiling temperature fluid into steam. This high pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. In this engine we can use all solid, liquid and gases fuel. These engines are generally used in driving locomotive, ships, generation of electric power etc.

Advantages of E.C. engine. In these engines starting torque is generally high. Because of external combustion we can use cheaper fuels as well as solid fuel. They are more flexible compare to internal combustion engines.

15

Источник: https://studfile.net/preview/16408133/

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