End of Table 8
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1 |
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2 |
3 |
4 |
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Managers, businessmen, entrepreneurs |
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Economic, legal, social, political, ecological, |
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organizational culture |
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Objects of management – organizations providing |
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goods and services |
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Organizations – suppliers - consumers |
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Description |
of |
static |
relationship |
of |
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organization providing goods and services |
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with suppliers and consumers with a model of |
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critical matrices |
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Organization and its microenvironment of |
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objects of labour |
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Statistic opportunities of microenvironment |
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An organization and its microenvironment of |
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credit system |
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Organizations – competitors, government |
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Nature of possible influence of external environment |
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on an organization – threats, opportunities |
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In case a researcher is in the organization |
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Features of external environment |
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Interrelationship, complexity, mobility, |
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ambiguity, profile of external environment |
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Features of an organization |
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Strengths, weaknesses of an organization |
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Functioning specifics of an organization in an |
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external environment of direct influence (SWOT |
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(SNW) – analysis) |
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External environment of indirect influence |
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Components of external environment of indirect |
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influence |
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Factor of economics, legal factor, sociological factor, |
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factor of foreign policy |
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Graphical interpretation external environment state |
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Constraints, situational analysis of external |
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environment |
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Functioning specifics of an organization in an external |
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environment of indirect influence (STEP (PEST) – |
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analysis) |
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Total |
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Bibliography list for students` autonomous work [4, 7, 23].
33
Checklist questions
1.Give the definition of an environment and external environment.
2.Why is widely used word combination “internal environment” wrong?
3.Give the definition of mobility of environment.
4.What is the complexity of environment defined by?
5.Give the definition of credit system of a country.
6.What are the specifics of external environment of direct and indirect influence?
7.Compile a glossary of terms, supported the sense-conveying components of lecture meaning orgraph.
8.Transform a part of lecture orgraph from tabular to graphic form.
9.What is the difference between SWOT and SNW analyses?
10.What is the difference between STEP and PEST analyses?
Lecture 9. ORGANIZATION AS AN AGREGATE
OF PROCESSES
A notion “process” means the transition of an object from one state to another made intentionally or incidentally under the influence of uncontrollable factors. The process could either natural or artificial and run differently.
The lecture plan of meaning orgraph is given in table 9.
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The lecture plan of meaning orgraph |
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Таble 9 |
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Organization as an aggregate of processes |
Lec. |
C/W |
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ASW |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
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4 |
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Processes of supply activity |
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Process of choosing suppliers |
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By means of competitive auctions, negotiations |
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through correspondence, expertise |
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Characteristics of suppliers through analysis of |
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hierarchies. |
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* |
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34 |
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End of Table 9
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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The process of purchasing subjects of labour: in bulk, in |
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small batches, as far as required; making supply |
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agreement; the process of delivery of subjects of labour: |
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en route, through warehouses |
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Processes of production activity |
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Process of forecasting |
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Ambiguity as a reason making forecasts difficult |
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Forecasting techniques |
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Statistical techniques, expert techniques |
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Planning process |
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Stages of planning |
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Technological processes: notion of technology |
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Technologies by C. Perrow |
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Routine, engineering, handicraft, non-routine |
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Data work technique |
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Data bank technique, models banks, knowledge |
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* |
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banks, theory banks, technology to work with texts |
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and hypertexts |
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Technologies of solving problems |
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Problem statement (terminology, interface) |
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* |
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Modeling of the problem to solve |
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Analysis technology of internal state of an |
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* |
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organization (SWOT-analysis) |
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Management processes |
* |
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Process of decision-making |
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Elements of decision-making theory |
* |
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Research and design processes |
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Researches to obtain scientific knowledge |
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(theories, laws) and empirical knowledge |
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* |
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Elements of experiment theory |
* |
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Designing of life cycle, system of services |
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* |
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supplied, object location |
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Organization; leadership, coordination: meetings, |
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formulation of papers, searching for compromise |
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Monitoring: elimination of ambiguity about the state |
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of an object by means of comparison of results |
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reached with the standards determined |
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Types of monitoring (preliminary, routine, final), |
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periodicity of monitoring |
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Processes of sales activity |
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Marketing research |
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Finished products distribution |
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Agencies, functions of agents |
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Total |
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35 |
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Checklist questions
1.What is the sense of supply activity in management?
2.What is the difference between the methods of purchasing subjects of labour?
3.What is the difference between the transit and warehouse ways of delivery?
4.What is the difference between statistical forecasting technique and expert forecasting technique?
5.Enumerate the stage of planning.
6.Give the definition of “research”, what is the purpose of doing researches?
7.Give the definition of an object and a subject of research. Give the example of object and subject of the research in statistics.
8.What is the difference between notions “designing” and “modernization”?
9.Give the definition of probability. Relate the notion of ambiguity and the notion of probability.
10.Relate the notion of periodicity of monitoring with the notion of object functioning ambiguity.
11.Give the definition of lifecycle. Give the example.
12.Give the definition of theory.
13.Give the definition of law. Give the example of law in the field of philosophy.
14.Give the example of theories and laws in the field of mathematics.
15.Give the example of theories and laws in the field of economics.
16.Compile a glossary of terms, supported the sense-conveying components of lecture meaning orgraph.
17.Transform a part of lecture orgraph from tabular to graphic form.
18.Identify nodes by means of Dewey`s notation.
36
Lecture 10. MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
Management is an art like medicine or engineering, which has to rely on underlain science – concepts, theories, principles and methods.
Harold Koontz, President of International Academy of Management
The notion “management” is not formalized to the extent that it has complete and precise formal description. In a broad sense “management” is the function of a system aimed at either saving an aggregate of properties the loss of which leads to system ruining when means are changed or at implementing some program which ensure stability of system functioning, homeostasis, goal attainment.
As a process management is closely connected with the system of management (control), which has a certain management goal. So, for example, the goal of management is to increase the functioning efficiency of an object, the goal of tickets punching system is to provide passengers with tickets taking their needs into consideration; the goal of communication system is a reliable subscribers` service; the goal of healthcare system is increasing of longevity and so on. An object of management can be a machine, complex of machines, an individual or society.
By now there have been four most important approaches that made substantial contribution to the development of management theory as well as practice: the approach of defining different schools; processing approach; system approach; situational approach.
Within the first approach there are four schools distinguished: school of scientific approach, classical school (of business administration), school of human relationship and school of behavioral science and of management science (school of quantitative methods).
System approach is based on scientific representations of systems, developed by cybernetics, theory of big systems and others. It considered
37