Материал: Проблемы социальных и гуманитарных наук. Радугин А.А., Перевозчикова Л.С

«Проблемы социальных и гуманитарных наук». Выпуск №3 (13), 2017

living again ... and someone else in many years will come here and say: “Hello, my field” [Emel'ianov, 310 - 312]. The heroes of Anatolii Emel’ianov revived the dead land and tried to institutionalize the agricultural traditional Chuvash national utopia. Ilpek Mikulayĕ’s novel “Hura çăkăr” or “Chiornyi hleb” [Il'bek, 1982] can also be localized among other agricultural and traditional utopias of national literatures in the RSFSR. Ilpek Mikulayĕ, on the one hand, actualized the versatility and attractiveness of economic agrarian peasant utopia in the context of the traditional work and labour ethic.

On the other hand, Mikulai Ilpek believed that the clash of urban and agricultural civilizations in the political contexts of collision and ideological conflicts was inevitable. Therefore, the verdict to the traditional agrarian utopia was disappointing. Lavrentii Tallerov tried to synthesize the agrarian [Tallerov, 1984] and urban [Tallerov, 1984] industrial utopias and to find a compromise between them in his texts, but the writer himself preferred to describe agricultural levels and dimensions of Chuvash utopian consciousness. Lavrentii Tallerov also actualized antitraditional modern components of glorification of the industrial labour of the communist utopia’s builders but these texts were more politicized, ideologized and mythologized and weaker than novels about Chuvash village. The Soviet ideologically motivated utopia in national literatures simultaneously actualized values of socialist realism, the principles of modernism and postmodernism, conflict with numerous mutually exclusive social, ethnic, and gender roles. Therefore, national literatures actualized toposes of locality, including discourses of symbolically and even sacrally marked places, farms, trees, forests, and other imagined heterogeneous spaces [Kibek, 1986].

The peasant prose in the Chuvash literature [Alendei, 1978] was an attempt to institutionalize the utopia which combined modernist or even postmodern elements of the communist utopia with the traditional forms of an agrarian utopia. Chuvash peasant prose in this intellectual situation evolved as a number of invented traditions and cultural and social constructs. Therefore, Chuvash writers as the postmodernists invented their ideal peasant worlds, ignored realities or provided them with other ideologically and politically necessary characteristics and features. The reality of the RSFSR in the national literatures of this cultural situation gradually lost its real and ordinary qualities because the world transformed in the invented and imagined world-as- construct. The representatives of national literatures [Petrov, 1987] often used these themes and inadvertently assisted to their erosion and degradation. The socialist realism turned into an external background and national authors started to actualize deadlocks and contradictions of Soviet realities with the communist utopia in their texts.

The representatives of the late Sovietized national literatures understood that idea could not compete with the commonplaces and grey gritty routine realities of the inner national peripheries. The heterogeneous nature of national literatures, the simultaneous coexistence of different genres and trends in the context of a formal socialist realism’s domination predetermined developments and transformations of national literatures in the new paradigm. The national literatures including Chuvash begun to develop and exist as permanently revising, re-inventing and re-imagining social and cultural traditions and constructs. The socialist realist inspired the modernization of cultural spaces in the national republics, but this process was heterogeneous and attempts to modernize national edges actualized in fact that they were too different and multi-dimensioned.

Therefore, national literatures institutionalized in the Soviet period, and their representatives actualized and invented the various forms and dimensions of the utopian and anti-utopian identity of consciousness because they combined socialist realism with modernism and postmodernism. The simultaneous co-existence and co-development of the mixing cultural trends became the result of the forced modernization. The national constructivism refined and provided national writers with limited opportunities of their local or regional heterogeneity’s actualization in their texts. The Soviet Constructivism was too homogeneous, but in some cases, it did not know how to actualize the potential of national diversities.

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«Проблемы социальных и гуманитарных наук». Выпуск №3(13), 2017

The Soviet writers in the national republics combined socialist realism, modernism and postmodernism in their texts and actualized servilist functions of literature as a form of communist ideology. National literatures consciously imagine, invent, construct and collect different historical or pseudo-historical facts and integrated them into the official ideological canon. Therefore, the socialist realistic discourse as a particular form of political modernism developed fragmented in different national kinds of literature. The socialist realist’s collective and imagined text was solid and united only from the formal viewpoint. The socialist realists learned well the lessons of the earlier and more radical modernism. The socialist realistic texts only imitated harmony and unity because socialist realism organized voluntary and forced euthanasia of classical critical realism with its classic novel which became to archaic in the Sovietized cultural discourse. The novel became victim of ideological and political fragmentations of the earlier united and ideal world of realistic literatures. The socialist realism as the Soviet form of modernity only formally had needs in the linear primitive historicism of positivism’s era.

The socialist realists as ideological and fanatical modernists fragmented imagined worlds and realities, radically deconstructed them and Chuvash writers were among the most decisive and radical creators of the communist utopia which they carefully laid on a Procrustean bed between nationalism and ideological faith in the ideals of the future communist Utopia.

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УДК 94(47).084.1

Е.Ю. Киселев

РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 1917 ГОДА В ВОРОНЕЖЕ

В статье рассматриваются революционные события 1917 г. в Воронеже.

Ключевые слова: 1917, Февральская революция, Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция, Томановский, Кобытченко, Келлер, Моисеев.

E.U. Kiseliov

REVOLUTIONS OF 1917 IN VORONEZH

This article describes revolutionary events of 1917 in Voronezh.

Key words: 1917, The February Revolution, the Great October Socialist Revolution, Tomanowsky, Kobytchenko, Keller, Moiseev.

Вэтом году мы отмечаем 100-летний юбилей сразу двух революций, поэтому, полагаю, читателям будет интересно узнать, как эти две революции прошли в нашем городе,

икакое влияние оказали на его жизнь.

ВВоронеже об отречении императора (в ночь с 1 на 2 марта по старому стилю) узнали с опозданием – из-за снежных заносов на железной дороге вовремя не пришли газеты. Воронежцы получили их только поздним вечером 3 марта, однако новости о революции «просачивались» по телеграфу и железнодорожные телеграфисты, несмотря на запрет, обменивались новостями. Так, от станции к станции, новости распространялись по всей стране. 1 марта управляющий ЮВЖД Давидович сообщил рабочим Отроженских железнодорожных мастерских о волнениях в Петрограде. Рабочие потребовали немедленно вернуть своих товарищей, отправленных в армию за участие в забастовке 24-29 января, принять их на работу и заплатить им жалованье, начиная с момента забастовки. Кооператоры, железнодорожники, земские служащие, преподаватели – около 40 человек – собрались в подвальном кафе «Чашка чаю» на Большой Дворянской (оно находилось в доходном доме, на месте которого сейчас находится кинотеатр «Пролетарий») и создали Временный комитет общественных организаций.

С 3 марта на воронежских заводах создаются комитеты, требования которых заключались в следующем: 8-часовой рабочий день, прибавка к зарплате за сдельные и поденные работы, минимальная зарплата для малолетних и женщин – соответственно 10 и 15 копеек в час.

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© Киселев Е.Ю., 2017

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