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184<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text 

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Infections of the Respiratory Tract 

1. While the slides were being prepared the lecturer announced the i 

heme to be discussed. He said: «The respiratory tract is subject to infec-

tion more frequently than any other part of the body. Respiratory infec- 

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I ions stand third as a cause of deaths; they lead all other causes 

between ages of fifteen and thirty-five. The upper portion of the 

respiratory tract, 

(he nose, throat and trachea, are affected more often than the lower, the 

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bronchi and lungs. The deeper the inflammation, the more serious are its 
consequences; pneumonia is frequently fatal/Inflammation of the deeper 
respiratory structures results from a downw^d extension of a compara- 
lively harmless inflammation in the upper structures.»

186<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text 

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СловакчастиII 

widespread ['waidspred] ашироко 

congestion [kan'cfcestfn] n застой 

распространенный 

congestive [ksn'cfeestiv] азастойный 

danger ['denied] nопасность 

headache ['hedeik] nголовнаяболь 

dangerousа опасный 

moist [moist] а сырой, влажный 

drug [drAg] nлекарство 

moisten ['moisn] vувлажнять 

aggravate ['aegraveit] vухудшать(ся) 

Упражнения 

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин.). 1) Разделите 

его  на  смысловые  части.  2)  Найдите  и  переведите 

глаголы-сказуемые 

во 

временах 

группы 

Continuousв 

действительном и страдательном залоге. 

Text В 

' "f^ : Tobacco and its Effects 

Tobacco smoking is ^ probably the most widespread and dangerous" 

drug usage. The cigarette consumption has generally been subject to 
certain factors. For example, the greatest increases in smoking have 
occurred during wars. 

' 

The main reason for this periodic increase was that the population in ^ 

general experienced increased tension. Another reason for this increase 
during wartime was that young soldiers were being introduced to smoking 
as a tension reliever. ^ ; 

/ 

r,!^ 

Despite public information campaigns on the subject, too few smokers 

realize the degree and extent of damage to their bodies associated with 
cigarette smoking. 

Minor ailments directly related to sntoking compete with the common 

cold

1

 as major causes of the time lost from work and studies. 

Recently, studies of large groups of people have shown that cigarette 

smokers are more likely to die of certain cardiovascular diseases than 
nonnsmokers. A cause and effect association has theoretically been es- 

'

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Lesson 10 ^187 

jdblished between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary attacks 
in humans, especially men between 35 and 55 years of age. The risk of 
death in male cigarette smokers in relation to non-smokers is greater in 
middle age than in old age. Smoking is being increasingly linked to the 
development of respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and 
emphysema, Air pollution and respiratory infections as well as smoking 
cause and aggravate chronic bronchitis and emphysema. v &  t \ <i 

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188<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text 

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0 ; l \Normal lung tissue 

Emphysema 

Fig. 15.Alveoli in normal lung tissue and 

emphysema.

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Smokers are not only polluting their own air with their cigarettei but are 

subjecting non-smokers, who make up three quarters of the population, 

to nearly the same health risk. Subjected to the effects of side- stream 

smoke, non-smokers may breathe in many of the toxic chemicals of the 

cigarette from the environment they are in and are, in fact, «passively 

smoking». «Side-stream smoke» produced from the burning end of the 

cigarette contains very high concentrations of toxic chemicals which are 

usually ^perceived as unpleasant by both smokers and non-smokers.

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Allergic reaction to smoke is common. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, 

emphysema or ischemic heart disease sufferers 

reactions to 

passive smoking that range from mild nasal congestion and eye irritation 
to headache, dermatitis and even a few life-threatening asthmatic 
attacks. People with advanced respiratory and cardiac breath literally 
light for life. 

;

A: ^ 

Tobacco contains more than hundred known chemical compounds 

including nicotine. Some of the substances found in tobacco remain in 
the ashels of a burned cigarette; others are greatly changed during the 
burning process. (Moreover, additional compounds are being produced 
during combustion, and it is some of these materials that are of great 
concern to scientists and physicians^ The composition of the cigarette 
smoke that enters the human body has been the primary aim of most 
analytical studies. 

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Nicotine and at least 15 o^het compounds found in cigarette smoke are 

known to be cancerogerls - cancer-causing substances. When a person 
inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea 

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