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million TR) installed capacity, in the Northern America, the USA has 14.000 MW (4 million TR) of installed DС capacity. Due to the climate, the Middle East has a large Potential for DC and the DC development here has been very intense in the last couple of years. From 2007-2015 the increase in capacity is estimated to be 65,000 MW (18,6 million TR), and still the DC market here is

system.

10. Compressor-based cooling operates efficiently at any load.

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Ex.2. Match two columns and make word combinations (as they are given in the text).

Ex.3. Match word combinations from Ex.2.with its Russian equivalent.

Начальная фаза, затраты на эксплуатацию, последняя пара лет, включать сто мость о служивания, постоянно растущий, баки хранения, снизить потребность, выровнять потребность в охлаждении, достичь оптимальной системы, удовлетворить потребности, производится посредством.

Ex.4. Choose the correct answer.

1. Some of the most developed markets in Europe are……

A) Sweden and Denmark B) Sweden and England C) Sweden and France 2. In Sweden cooling capacity was increased from …… with almost……….

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LESSON 8. SOCIETY IS STAKE

Read the text and define the core points. Write the summary of it.

СибАДИDistrict cooling can often present the best business case to building owners and tenants. But of equal impotence, it can offer a number of benefits to

the surrounding community locally and nationally. District cooling (DC) is most often a more energy efficient way of providing cooling than conventional central or single-room air-conditioning, and thus it is a more resource efficient solution. From an energy system perspective DC like district heating (DH) can also provide a better background for the implementation of renewable energy sources, solar and wind in particular. It does so by offering to even out the demand profile and enabling a more stable production.

Also the switch from central or single-room cooling solutions to DC can smoothen the demand curve of electricity. As with DC this is done through the use of energy storages, but also the demand profiles are aggregated, which allows for a steadier production. Moreover, the cooling needs not come from an electricity dense production, but can make use of free cooling, such as rivers and lakes, or surplus heat through absorption chillers. In that case the demand for electricity in the process is significantly reduced.

So, if DC is desirable, and we agree as well that cooling as a service is needed, why is it then still so underdeveloped and isolated in a few places around the globe - even in countries famous for their DH?

The answers may lie for a large part, with challenges common with DH services. It requires large up-front long term investment, a stable policy framework, and collaboration between various stakeholders.

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DС is a capital intensive business, just as DH, and thus the barrier of financing is ever present. The required investment in a network to supply the chilled water to the end-consumer is relatively large. For a given amount of energy, the DC pipes are also much bigger than an equivalent pipe for distributing heat as hot water. The capital intensive issue makes DС not the preferred business for many investors.

The lack of a stable policy framework (of the lack of a policy framework at all), furthermore increases insecurity and makes a sound financing difficult. The lack of framework makes interested companies, e.g. an established DH company, abstain from taking initiatives in establishing DC schemes. Creating a DC scheme ultimately means laying pipes on private, public ground, and it would benefit from a clear set of rules on how to gain access to laying pipes and which conditions investment is subject to.

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Ex.3. Match word combinations from Ex.2.with its Russian equivalent.

Хранение энергии, избыточное тепло, поглощающие охладители, значительно сниженный, лежит по большей части, общие проблемы, долгосрочные инвестиции, сотрудничество между заинтересованными лицами, относительно большой, очевидно трудно.

Read the text and define the core points. Write the summery of it.

District cooling systems are becoming a more common part of the energy supply systems, also in cooler parts of the world such as Scandinavia. The systems are mainly made in densely populated areas or large facilities as airports, military and university campuses. The usual design approach for DC systems does not normally include transient analyses when designing DH and DC systems.

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