; случайные сексуальные связи; обратиться к врачу.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты A disease caused by Chlamydia bacteria; affect genital system; is mostly sexually transmitted; incubation period lasts; may be noted itching; mild body temperature; clamidiosis becomes chronic; the diagnosis must be done in the laboratory; life – style normalization; treatment should be applied to all sexual partners; to carry out; is dangerous for its complications; extrauterine pregnancy; eye, joint and skin lesions; clamidiosis prevention; against different sexually transmitted diseases; the slightest suspicion.
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?
2. Is clamidiosis mostly sexually transmitted?
3. What are the most typical symptoms?
4. Where must the diagnosis be done?
5. What does the treatment of clamidiosis include?
6. What are the complications of clamidiosis ( in men; in women )?
7. May an infected pregnant woman affect her child?
8. What is easier: to prevent a disease or to treat it?
9. What are the rules of prevention of clamidiosis?
10. Are they the same as the rules of prevention of other sexually transmitted diseases?
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of virus called a retrovirus, which infects the human immune system (the system in the body which is in charge of fighting off illness). HIV may cause AIDS (a collection of diseases and symptoms, or problems in the body) by eventually killing the white blood cells, which a healthy body uses to fight off disease.
It is possible that a person can get infected with HIV if any body liquid with the virus gets into their body. The body liquids that carry HIV are blood, semen, liquid from the vagina, and breast milk. The liquids can go into the body through injured skin. The liquids can also enter through the mouth, eyes, nose, vagina, anus, or penis. However, though HIV might enter the body through any of these places, when people get HIV by having sex, the virus usually enters the body through the vagina or anus.
There are some common ways to get HIV:
• A person with HIV can give a sexual partner the virus if they have unprotected sex. That means having sexual intercourse without a condom.
• A person can get HIV if he or she uses the same needle as a person with HIV to inject drugs or get a tattoo.
• A person may get HIV if he or she is stuck by a needle that was used on a patient with HIV.
• Babies can get the virus from their mothers when they are born or when they are breastfeeding. A baby may be protected from getting HIV this way if their mother takes certain medications while she is pregnant.
• Blood transfusions using infected blood products was a common cause of HIV. The blood had been taken from people with HIV infections. Now, in the developed world screening of blood products for HIV has mostly stopped this happening. However, people may still get HIV from blood transfusions in less-developed countries if blood is not screened carefully.
A person cannot get infected with HIV from non-sexual touching, like a hug or handshake, or touching someone else's saliva. A person cannot get HIV from an insect bite, a cough, or a sneeze. People also cannot get HIV from touching light switches, using toilets, or drinking from the same glass as a person with HIV.
Words: -
enlargement - увеличение
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esophagus – пищевод
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fever - жар, лихорадка; высокая температура
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gastric – желудочный
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headache – головная боль
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liver – печень
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lymphadenopathy – лимфаденопатия
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lymph node - лимфоузел
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malaise – недомогание
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myalgia - миалгия, боль в мышцах
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nausea – тошнота
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neuropathy - нервное заболевание, невропатия
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pharyngitis – фарингит
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sore - болячка, рана, язва
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spleen – селезенка
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thrush - а) молочница б) афтозный стоматит
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vomiting – рвота
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weight loss – потеря веса
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Ретровирус; белые кровяные тельца; жидкость тела (биологическая жидкость); грудное молоко; через поврежденную кожу; сексуальный партнер; уколоться иглой; инфицированная кровь; укус насекомого;
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Human immunodeficiency virus; to be in charge of fighting off illness; a collection of diseases and symptoms; semen; enter through the mouth; unprotected sex; breastfeeding; blood transfusion; cause of HIV; screening of blood products
Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What is HIV?
2. How can HIV cause AIDS?
3. How can person get infected with HIV?
4. What are the body liquids that carry HIV?
5. How can liquids go into the body?
Text Dr. Harper: Have you ever been sick before?
Patient James Ross: Yes, sir. I have had scarlet fever and pneumonia.
Dr. H.: Have you ever had measles? Chicken-pox? Whooping cough?
Patient: Yes, sir. I had all the childhood diseases.
Dr. H.: How about adult illnesses, have you ever had ТВ, jaundice, heart or kidney trouble?
Patient: No, I have only had the ones I just told you.
Dr. H.: Have you ever been operated on? Have you ever had any operations?
Patient ’Yes, several. I’ve had my appendix out. And I’ve also had my tonsils operated on.
Dr. H.: Did you ever break any bones?
Patient: I broke my arm when I was a child and that’s all.
Dr. H.: Are your parents living?
Patient: No, both are no longer living. My father died of natural causes and my mother died of cardiac insufficiency.
Dr. H.: Do you have brothers and sisters? Are they in good health?
Patient: I have two brothers, one is living and the other is not. He had a stroke. My sister has diabetes.
Dr. H.: Are you married? Do you have any children?
Patient: Oh, yes. I’m married. I have two boys and they seem to be all right.
Dr. H.: Do you smoke?
Patient: I smoke 10 cigarettes a day. I tried to quit twice, but with no success.
Words: -
scarlet fever – скарлатина
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pneumonia – пневмония
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measles - корь
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chicken-pox – ветряная оспа
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whooping cough - коклюш
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ТВ (от tuberculosis) -туберкулез
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jaundice - желтуха
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tonsil - миндалевидная железа
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died of natural causes – умереть в следствии естественных причин
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cardiac insufficiency - сердечная недостаточность
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stroke – удар
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.умер по естественным причинам; ломать руку; сердечная недостаточность; детские заболевания; удалить аппендикс; бросить дважды
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.adult illnesses; heart or kidney trouble; to break bone; to have an operation; to have a stroke; smoke 10 cigarettes a day; with no success
Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. -
Has James Ross ever been sick before?
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Did patient ever break any bones?
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Are patient’s parents living?
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Does James Ross smoke?
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Are patient’s brothers and sister in good health?
Text
Before the treatment of a disease it is necessary to make diagnosis, to determine the cause of the disease, and all symptoms by which it can be revealed.
Correct diagnosis must be based on a complete clinical examination of the patient. The usual methods of examination which doctors use in their practice, are: inquiry, inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion, taking the temperature, feeling the pulse, taking the blood pressure, making X-ray examinations and various laboratory studies.
By questioning the patient the doctor learns about his complaints, the onset of the disease, his past history and his family history, hereditary diseases.
Inspection is the method by which doctor reveals the appearance of the patient, his build, nourishment, complexion, the state of his skin, mucous membranes, tongue, pupils, etc.
While auscultating the patient, the physician can determine the abnormal heart sounds, crepitations and rales in the lungs.
By palpation the doctor determines elasticity or rigidity of the abdomen, the outlines or the enlargement of the organ, swelling, edema and existence of growth.
Percussion reveals dullness of sound and distribution of fluids in the body.
The temperature is taken by means of thermometer to ascertain whether the patient has or has no temperature.
The blood pressure is measured by means of monometer to find out whether the patient is suffering from hypertension or hypotension.
The patient's pulse is felt to determine whether the pulse rate is normal or accelerated. The normal rate is 65-70 beats per minute.
The usual laboratory studies are various blood tests, urine analyses, stool studies and sputum, bile examinations.
Patient’s swabs or smears are taken for cytological examination. If the patient suffers from any kind of allergy it is necessary to make allergy tests.
Biopsy specimens are taken to detect the character of tumor.
In order to detect lesions in the bones or tissues patients are X-rayed.
The results of physical examination and laboratory investigations are recorded into patient’s case history.
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.метод осмотра, расспрашивание, анамнез, берут, семейный анамнез, телосложение, хруст, крепитирующие хрипы, притупленность, необходимо, установить, выяснить, образец, мазок, цвет лица, записывают.
Ex.2 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
What are the usual methods of examination?
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What does inquiry reveal?
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What does inspection reveal?
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What can be determined by palpation, auscultation and percussion?
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How do the doctors take the patient’s temperature, measure blood pressure?
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What is the patient’s normal pulse?
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Which are the usual laboratory studies?
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In what case is it necessary to make biopsy?
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When is an X-ray examination made?
Text Before the treatment of a disease an attending doctor should establish a diagnosis. It is necessary for a doctor to determine the etiology of the disease, pathogenesis and symptoms, signs by which it can be revealed.
A number of different procedures are used to make a diagnosis. They are: history-taking, physical examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation (выслушивание), laboratory studies, and instrumental studies.
The attending doctor must know objective and subjective symptoms and complaints of patients as well as how long sick people have been having these symptoms.
History of present illness makes a part on a case history (=case report). The history of present illness contains a lot of findings: information of the patient on his admission, the results of laboratory and instrumental tests, and the course of disease with any changes in the symptoms and condition, the exact doses of the prescribed medicines, the produced effects of treatment. The case history should be written in a correct way, it should contain the exact and complete information.
Words: -
attending doctor - лечащий врач;
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to establish - устанавливать;
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pathogeneses - патогенез;
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to reveal - обнаруживать;
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signs - признаки;
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history taking - сбор анамнеза;
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auscultation - выслушивание;
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percussion - перкуссия (выстукивание);
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palpation - пальпация;
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instrumental - инструментальный;
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laboratory - лабораторный;
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studies - обследование;
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course - курс;
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to contain - содержать;
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exact - точный.
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Лечащий врач, установить диагноз, объективные и субъективные симптомы, история болезни, результаты лабораторных и инструментальных обследований,
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
When should an attending doctor establish a diagnosis?
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What procedures are used to make a diagnosis?
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What must an attending doctor know?
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What part does history of present illness make?
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What way should the case history be written?
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