Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты необходимая часть; формирование костей и зубов; ткани и мышцы тела; камни в почках; злаки; потеря аппетита; нарушение в работе почек; заживление ран; сниженная всасываемость железа и меди; отложения кальция в мягких тканях.
Ex.2 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
Why are minerals an essential part of life on Earth?
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Does calcium play an important role in forming bones and teeth?
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What mineral sustains regular heartbeat?
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Overdosage of phosphorus can cause decreased absorption of calcium, can’t it?
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Why is zinc needed?
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What effects can the overdosage of iron have?
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The body is wonderfully made, like a complex, perfect machine. Each part is specially constructed to carry out its own function, and to work as a whole with the other parts.
The body has a strong frame work of bones called the skeleton. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside.
The human body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trunk and the limbs.
The main part of the head is called the skull. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are loading in the mouth. One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nose.
The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cavity of the trunk is called thorax and lower one is called the belly. The lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragms in the upper cavity. In the lower cavity we find interior organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder kidneys, spleen and intestines.
The upper limb is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The join between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.
The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone, the shin-bone and the fibula. We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The join between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap. The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.
Words:
1. construct - строить
2. to carry out - нести
3. to cover - покрывать
4. muscle - мышца
5. tissue - ткань
6. trunk - туловище
7. limb - конечность
8. skull - череп
9. temple - висок
10. chew - жевать
11. to divide into – делиться на
12. belly – живот
13. shin-bone – большеберцовая кость
14. thighbone– бедренная кость
15. joint - сустав
16. knee-joint –коленный сустав
17. knee-cap – коленная чашечка
18. ankle-лодыжка
19. sole – подошва
20. frame– скелет, каркас
21. margin - поле, кромка
22. thorax – грудная клетка
23. cavity – полость
24. diaphragm – диафрагма
25. wrist – запястье
26. thumb – большой палец
27. fibula – малоберцовая кость
28. calf – икра
29. femur – бедро
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
Составляют лицо; располагаются во рту; работаться как одно целое; покрыт мускулами и мягкими тканями; жевать еду; состоять из трех частей; внутренние органы; верхние конечности; нижние конечности.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.
To carry out its own function; complex machine; the teeth and the tongue are loading in the mouth; strong frame work of bones; upper cavity; lower cavity; tastes food with the tongue; joint between forearm and hand.
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.3. What is the human body?
4. What is skeleton?
5. What parts of the human body do you know?
6. What is the main part of head?
7. What fingers does the hand consist of?
Text All internal organs are situated in the chest and abdomen. The chest is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm. The principal organs of the chest are the gullet, the heart and the lungs. The gullet connects the pharynx and the stomach. There are two lungs - one in each half of the chest. They differ in size. The right lung is larger than the left one. There is the heart between the lungs behind the breastbone. The heart pumps the blood to the whole body.
The lower part of the trunk is the abdominal cavity. The principal organs here are the stomach, the liver, two kidneys, the gallbladder, the pancreas, the spleen, the small and large intestines, the bladder and internal sex glands. There is the liver with the gallbladder in the right upper abdominal part. The liver is the largest and heaviest organ in the body. It works over all the products of digestion. The liver destroys poisons and bacteria which get into the blood. There is the stomach, the pancreas and the spleen in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. Behind them there are the right and left kidneys at the back.
The small and large intestines occupy all the lower abdomen. Here is also the bladder and sex glands. Each internal organ of the body plays a specific role in the organism. The branch of medicine which studies internal organ diseases is called internal medicine.
Words: -
chest - грудь
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abdomen – живот
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diaphragm - диафрагма
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gullet - пищевод
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lung - легкое
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trunk - туловище
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pharynx - глотка
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stomach - желудок
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breastbone - грудина
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abdominal cavity - брюшная полость
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liver - печень
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kidney - почка
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gallbladder - желчный пузырь
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pancreas - поджелудочная железа
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spleen - селезенка
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small and large intestines - тонкий и толстый кишечник
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bladder - мочевой пузырь
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internal sex glands - внутренние половые железы
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.расположены в области груди и живота; перерабатывает все продукты пищеварения; яды; бактерии; нижняя часть туловища; правая верхняя часть брюшной полости; самый большой и тяжелый орган тела;
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Principal organs; behind the breastbone; to pump the blood; lower part of the trunk; the right and left kidneys at the back; intestines occupy all the lower abdomen; internal medicine
E.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
What are the principal organs of the chest?
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What does the gullet connect?
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Where is the heart?
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What are the principal organs of the abdominal cavity?
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Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.
Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.
Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.
Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed.
The body contains about five liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.
The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.
For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia.
The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.
The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.
Words: -
contain - содержать
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plasma - плазма
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microscopical - микроскопический
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element - элемент
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erythrocyte - эритроцит
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leucocyte - лейкоцит
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thrombocyte - тромбоцит
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bone marrow - костный мозг
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transport - транспортировать, переносить
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convert - преобразовывать, превращать
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carry - переносить
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arrive - прибывать
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expel - вытеснять, выводить
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catabolism - катаболизм
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hemoglobin (haemoglobin) - гемоглобин
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agranulocyte - агранулоцит
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cytoplasm- цитоплазма
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granulocyte - гранулоцит
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eosinophil - иозофил
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basophil - азофил
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neutrophil - нейтрофил
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node - узел
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spleen - селезенка
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lymphocyte - лимфоцит
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monocyte - моноцит
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platelet - тромбоцит
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tiny - крошечный
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blood clotting - свертываемость крови
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occur - происходить, случаться
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remain - оставаться
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coagulation - коагуляция
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complete - заканчивать
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Микроскопические клеточные элементы, в каждом кубическом миллиметре, через кровоток, по всему организму, процесс превращения пищи в энергию, выводить, продукт отхода, выталкивать, несколько видов, лимфатические узлы, крошечные клетки, свертываемость крови, завершаться
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.To call, to be found, bone marrow, to be used, to convert, iron, to be expelled, spleen, a fluid portion, coagulation process, three types of granulocytes, tiny cells, blood clotting, the main function, five liters of blood.
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.. -
What does blood contain?
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How many erythrocytes can be found in each cubic millimeter?
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Where are these cells made?
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What is their function?
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What role does hemoglobin play?
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What are the types of leucocytes?
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Where are agranulocytes produced?
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What types of granulocytes do you know?
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What organ forms thrombocytes?
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How many platelets are there in one cubic millimeter?
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What is the difference between the plasma and serum?
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