S.P. Botkin was born on September 17, 1832. After finishing one of Moscow schools, he entered the Medical Faculty of Moscow University.
Botkin was interested in medicine very much and soon became one of the best students.
After graduating from the Medical Faculty in 1855 Botkin went to the Crimea where he worked as a physician at the Simferopol Military Hospital under the direction of the well-known Russian surgeon Pirogov.
In 1860 Botkin began to work at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg. In 1861 he became a professor of the Therapeutic Clinic at the Academy. He worked hard. He wanted to have a model clinic at the Academy. Botkin organized a well-equipped physiological laboratory for clinical experiments. Botkin was a brilliant therapeutist and diagnostician. One of his greatest achievements was his theory of nervosism, which is the most progressive theory in clinical medicine.
Botkin was not only a brilliant scientist but an excellent teacher too. Many of his pupils became famous physicians and worked at Russian universities as professors.
Botkin was also one of the founders of military therapeutics. He worked at the front during the Russo-Turkish war giving much of his time to the organization of medical aid.
During his whole life he never stopped working for the good of the Russian people. His name is one of the most famous names in medicine and it will be always remembered in the history of Russian science.
Words:
1. faculty – факультет
2. Crimea – Крым
3. direction – руководство
4. model – образец
5. to equip – оборудовать
6. diagnostician – диагност
7. achievement – достижение
8. scientist – ученный
9. excellent – превосходный
10. therapeutics – терапия
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
Медицинский факультет Московского университета, интересовался медициной, один из лучших студентов, после окончания, работать врачом, под руководством, стал профессором, хорошо оснащенная лаборатория, терапевт и диагност, работал на фронте, никогда не прекращал работать.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.
To be interested in medicine, to work as a physician, one of the best students, under the direction, a well-known surgeon, a well-equipped physiological laboratory, clinical experiments, a brilliant therapeutist and diagnostician, one of his greatest achievements, an excellent teacher, the founders of military therapeutics, for the good of the Russian people.
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When was S.P. Botkin born?
2. What University did he enter?
3. Where did S.P. Botkin work after graduating from the Medical Faculty in 1855?
4. When did Botkin begin to work at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg?
5. Was Botkin a brilliant therapeutist and diagnostician?
6. Botkin was an excellent teacher, was not he?
7. Did he work at the front or in Petersburg during the Russo-Turkish war?
8. Botkin was also one of the founders of military therapeutics, was not he?
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A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which you receive blood through an intravenous (IV) line inserted into one of your blood vessels. Blood transfusions are used to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also might be done if your body can't make blood properly because of an illness. During a blood transfusion, a small needle is used to insert an IV line into one of your blood vessels. Through this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours, depending on how much blood you need.
Blood transfusions are very common. Each year, almost 5 million Americans need a blood transfusion. Most blood transfusions go well. Mild complications can occur. Very rarely, serious problems develop.
Important Information About Blood
The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries and veins in the body. Blood has many vital jobs. For example, it carries oxygen and other nutrients to your body's organs and tissues. Having a healthy supply of blood is important for your overall health. Blood is made up of various parts, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (PLATE-lets), and plasma. Blood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as individual parts.
Blood Types. Every person has one of the following blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Also, every person's blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative. So, if you have type A blood, it's either A positive or A negative.
The blood used in a transfusion must work with your blood type. If it doesn't, antibodies (proteins) in your blood attack the new blood and make you sick.
Type O blood is safe for almost everyone. About 40 percent of the population has type O blood. People who have this blood type are called universal donors. Type O blood is used for emergencies when there's no time to test a person's blood type.
People who have type AB blood are called universal recipients. This means they can get any type of blood.
If you have Rh-positive blood, you can get Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. But if you have Rh-negative blood, you should only get Rh-negative blood. Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there's no time to test a person's Rh type.
Blood Banks. Blood banks collect, test, and store blood. They carefully screen all donated blood for infectious agents (such as viruses) or other factors that could make you sick. (For more information, go to Blood banks also screen each blood donation to find out whether it's type A, B, AB, or O and whether it's Rh-positive or Rh-negative. You can get very sick if you receive a blood type that doesn't work with your own blood type. Thus, blood banks carefully test donated blood.
Words:
1. a blood transfusion – переливание крови
2. a common procedure – обычная процедура
3. intravenous –внутривенная
4. blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды
5. to replace- заменить
6. complications – осложнения
7. rarely – редко
8. arteries – артерии
9. a blood type – группа крови
10. antibodies – антитела
11. to collect – собирать
12. carefully – внимательно
13. donated blood – донорская кровь
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
Переливание крови безопасно
, кровеносный сосуд, во время операции, процедура обычно занимает, небольшие осложнения, сердце перекачивает кровь, сеть артерий и вен, группа крови, антитела, собирают, тестируют и хранят кровь, донорская кровь.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.
A safe procedure, to receive blood, a blood vessel, to replace blood, lost during surgery, a serious injury, to make blood properly, mild complications, to pump blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, a blood type, universal recipients, to test donated blood.
Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is blood transfusion?
2. When are blood transfusions used?
3. What kind of needles are used during a blood transfusion?
4. Can complications occur during a blood transfusion?
5. What blood types do you know?
6. What do blood banks do?
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Treatment of injuries or traumas by operative techniques is the subject of surgery.
The surgeon has always been an integral part of medical science. Early medical texts are devoted chiefly to records of surgical cases. Strangely, however, the great advances in surgery have been dependent on medical discoveries in other fields. These advances include the discovery of ether anesthesia by Morton and Long in 1847; the discovery of the principle of antisepsis by Joseph Lister in 1865—87, and the application of rubber gloves introduced by Halstead. The use of blood transfusion, the control of fluid in the body and the use of drugs for various symptoms have also aided success in surgery.
Not many years have passed since the time when few surgeons dared to invade the interior of the abdomen.
Today every portion of the human body has been invaded successfully. The surgery of today is called physiological surgery and is aimed at restoring (восстановление) normal function of various organs and tissues when these functions have failed.
Words: -
integral-неотъемлемый
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chiefly-главным образом
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ether-эфир
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to aid-способствовать
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to invade-вторгаться
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to aim-нацелиться
Ex.1. Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.ранения и травмы; неотъемлемая часть; однако; великие достижения; принцип антисептики; применение переливание крови; различные симптомы; каждая часть; ткани; успех; потерпеть неудачу.
Ex.2. Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.operative techniques; records of surgical cases; application of rubber gloves; use of drugs for various symptoms; have also aided success; dared to invade; every portion of the human body; has been invaded.
Ex.3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. -
What is the subject of surgery?
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Who has always been an integral part of medical science?
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Who discovered ether anesthesia?
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What did Joseph Lister propose?
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The use of blood transfusion, the control of fluid in the body and the use of drugs for various symptoms have also aided success in surgery, haven’t they?
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Is the surgery of today called physiological or urgent surgery?
Text The term "surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures, suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by the physician used. These procedures are designated by the words" surgical operation" or merely by one word "operation".
For a very long time surgical operations were performed only on the superficial parts of the body, but even after such operations severe inflammations due to the infection of wound were frequently met with, causing death.
Only during the second half of the 19th century, general development of natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant Russian surgeon N. I. Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas". In 1863 the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these processes were evoked by minute living organisms — bacteria. On the basis of Pasteur's works the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these bacteria after their penetration into the wounds Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same solution.
The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This method gave fine results.
During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an operation with a physical agent namely, heat. This new method of disinfection was given the name of asepsis.
The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.
Words: -
incision - иссечение,разрез, надрез
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puncture -пункция, прокол
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suturing -наложение шва
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reduction - of dislocation вправление вывиха
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superficial -parts of the body поверхность тела
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infection of the wound заражение раны
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to voice -зд. высказать
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special causative agents - специфические возбудители
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miasmas (pl) от miasma миазмы
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putrefaction - гниение
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minute living organisms - мельчайшие живые организмы
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purulence - нагноение
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solution of carbolic acid - раствор карболовой кислоты
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to treat the instruments обрабатывать инструменты
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dressing material - перевязочный материал
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antiseptic - антисептический
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antisepsis - антисептика
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namely - а именно
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asepsis - асептика
Ex.1. Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.термин; поверхность тела; часто; тяжелые воспаления; вывих; наложение шва; быть первым; вызывая (являясь причиной); даже после; гниение; прийти к выводу; французский ученый; на основе работ Пастера; раны; опубликованный; в течение последующих лет; жар.
Ex.2. Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.branch of medicine; are designated; second half of the 19th century; general development of natural science; made it possible; to voice the assumption; purulence of wounds; methods of treating wounds; to irrigate the wounds; fine results; eliminated the danger of infecting wounds.
Ex.3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.1. Where does the term "surgery" come from?
2. What do the words "surgical operation" mean?
3. What were inflammatory processes after operations due to?
4. When was this difficult problem solved?
5. What made it possible to solve the problem?
6. Who was the first to discover the real cause of wound infection?
7. What did the famous French scientist Pasteur publish?
8. What did Pasteur prove?
9. What did the British surgeon Lister conclude on the basis of Pasteur’s work?
10. What did Lister begin to do to protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria?
11. With what did he treat the instruments to be used in the operations?
12.What name was given to the Lister’s method?
13. What new method did the scientists find during the years that followed?
14. What is the significance of the antiseptic and aseptic methods for surgery?
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