Though organ transplants are becoming more common in modern medicine, it was not that long ago that transplanting certain organs seemed like science fiction. The idea of transferring an organ from one body to another has been around for a long time, but today we can transplant several organs, including the heart, lungs and liver.
Ancient Transplants and Myths. Many Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and hearts by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the second century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi also did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.
Early 1900s. The most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects donor organ material.
Joseph Murray. In 1954, Dr. Joseph Murray performed the first successful transplant of a kidney. The procedure, which transferred a kidney from one identical twin to another, was successful because the twins shared the same genes and the new body did not reject the kidney. He followed this procedure in 1962 with the first successful transplantation of a kidney from a dead body to a living one. Using immunosuppressive drugs during surgery, Murray stopped the recipient from rejecting the new kidney.
Other Organs. The next major organs to be transplanted were the lungs in 1963 by James Hardy of Mississippi. The lungs were taken from a deceased donor and put into a patient with lung cancer. The recipient lived for 18 days before his kidneys failed. A Colorado doctor attempted a liver transplant also that year, but would have to wait until 1967 to achieve success. The first heart transplant came in 1967 by Christiaan Barnard in South Africa, but the recipient also died 18 days later.
Advances. The success of modern transplant can be attributed to cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant. Designed to reduce the immune system, cyclosporine helped the body adapt to the newly transplanted tissue. In 1980s, the FDA also approved a drug called Viaspan that helped people with new livers live longer. In 1992, the first baboon- to-man transplant successfully occurred. The FDA is testing a drug called Cylex, which could reduce infections in postoperative patients.
Words:
1. science fiction – научная фантастика
2. to cite - упомянуть
3. saints – святые
4. an account – отчет
5. to take place- иметь место, быть
6. the second century B.C. – во втором веке до Н.Э.
7. to rebuild – восстановить
8. in the late 16th century – в конце 16 века
9. a surgeon – хирург
10. a skin graft – лоскут кожи
11. a rejection of the transplant – отторжение трансплантата
12. to earn - заработать, получить
13. to identify – обозначить
14. the problem of rejection – проблема отторжения
15. the recipient body – тело реципиента
16. to perform – выполнять
17. immunosuppressive drugs – иммунодепрессанты
18. a kidney – почка
19. lungs – легкие
20. a deceased donor – умерший донор
21. a cancer – рак
22. an attempt – попытка
23. to achieve success – добиться успеха
24. can be attributed – можно отнести
25. to reduce – редуцировать, сократить
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
Было похоже на научную фантастику, идея трансплантации органов, включая сердце, легкие, печень, в мифах упоминаются, пересадка ног и сердца , восстановить нос, лоскут кожи, экспериментируя на собаках, пересадка артерий и вен, проблема отторжения, первая удачная пересадка, достичь успеха, первая пересадка сердца, иммунодепрессанты.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.
The idea of transferring an organ, to transplant several organs, including the heart, lungs and liver, the first account of an actual transplant, to help rebuild the nose, a skin graft, an experimenter of transplantation, the transplantation of arteries and veins, the Nobel Prize, to reject donor organ material, the first successful transplant of a kidney, immunosuppressive drugs, the first heart transplant, to achieve success, to adapt to the newly transplanted tissue.
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.
1. Can doctors transplant several organs, including the heart, lungs and liver?
2. Who transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man?
3. Who was the most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century?
4. When did Dr. Joseph Murray perform the first successful transplant of a kidney?
5. How did Murray stop the recipient from rejecting the new kidney?
6. When did the first baboon- to -man transplant successfully occur?
Text
Bleeding can lead to a severe loss of blood. The best way to stop bleeding is by direct pressure with a clean cloth. If the bleeding is from the arm or the leg, the limb can be kept in a raised position. If the bleeding is from a nose, put a cold compress on the nose. It will stop the blood. Ice placed on the nose also stops bleeding. In severe case doctors make blood transfusion.Words:
HYGIENE OF THE BODY 3
BABY HYGIENE 3
OUR MEALS AND DIET 5
VITAMINS 5
MINERALS 6
PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 7
INTERNAL ORGANS 9
BLOOD 10
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 12
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 14
HEART 15
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 16
THE BRAIN 18
SKELETAL SYSTEM 19
TYPES OF MUSCLES 21
MEDICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN 22
POLICLINICS 23
FIRST AID STATION 25
HEALTH CARE IN RUSSIA. 28
HEALTH CARE IN THE USA 28
HEALTH CARE IN GREAT BRITAIN 30
AT THE CHEMIST S 32
DRUGS 33
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 34
SWINE INFLUENZA 35
INFLUENZA 37
HEPATITIS 38
DIPHTHERIA 39
SCARLET FEVER 39
SYPHILIS 40
GONORRHEA 42
YEAST INFECTIONS 43
TRICHOMONIASIS 44
CLAMIDIOSIS 45
HIV 47
HISTORY TAKING 48
METHODS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 49
EXAMINATION AND FUNCTIONS OF DOCTOR 50
FUNCTIONS OF NURSE 51
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF PREGNANT WOMEN 52
LABOUR 53
OBSTETRIC HISTORY 54
S.P. BOTKIN 56
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 57
SURGERY 58
INTRODUCTION INTO GENERAL SURGERY 59
THE HISTORY OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION 61
BLEEDING 63
FAINTING 65
BURNS 66
POISONING 67
INSECT BITES AND STRINGS 68
FRACTURES 70
SUNSTROKE 72
SMOKING STUDY SHOWS NEW CANCER RISK 73
DRUGS 74
WHAT MUST YOU KNOW ABOUT AIDS? 75
CLONING 77
NATIONAL PROJECT “HEALTH” 79
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.лучший способ остановить кровотечение, потеря крови, чистая ткань, поднятое положение, кровотечение из носа, остановить кровотечение, переливание крови.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Bleeding from the arm or the leg; cold compress; severe case; severe loss of blood; direct pressure; to put a compress on
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
What can lead to a severe loss of blood?
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What is the best way to stop the bleeding?
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What do the doctors in severe cases?
Text The cause
of fainting may be different: strong emotion, want of food, fatigue or pain.
In fainting person loses consciousness. Blood doesn't get to the brain. The face of a person before fainting gets very pale and sweat appears on his forehead. He feels dizzy and weak. His breathing is shallow. His pulse is weak and slow.
If you help a person who lost his consciousness:
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Lay the person flat on his back.
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Raise his feet a little.
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Loose his dress.
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Cover him warmly and open the window.
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Sprinkle cold water on his face.
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Give the person to breathe in ammonia water.
Words: -
fainting - обморок
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cause - причина; вызывать
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emotion - душевное волнение
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want of food - голод
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fatigue - усталость
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lose consciousness - терять сознание
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brain - мозг
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to feel dizzy - чувствовать головокружение
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weak - слабый
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shallow - поверхностный
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slow - медленный
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to lay - (laid) положить
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flat - плоско
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to loose - зд. ослабить
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to cover - покрывать
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to sprinkle - брызгать
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sweat - пот, испарина
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ammonia - нашатырный спирт.
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Сильные эмоции; терять сознание; кровь не поступает в мозг; лицо становится бледным; уложить на спину; поднять ноги; побрызгать водой; ослабить одежду; тепло укрыть.Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.the cause of fainting; wait of food; the face gets pale; sweat appears; he feels diszy; shallow breathing; weak pulse; slow pulse
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
What may be the cause of fainting?
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What does person lose in fainting?
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What appears on his forehead before fainting?
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What does person feel?
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How can you help a person who lost his consciousness?
Text
John's mother stood near the electric fire and her dress caught fire. John heard her scream and ran into the room. "Lie down!" he ordered and covered the flame with a carpet. The flames went out without air. "Don't worry, mother," he said. "You'll be all right."
"Do not take the pieces of burnt dress off your leg. Get into the bath with your clothes on." John helped her.
"Keep your leg under the water for ten minutes," he said. He telephoned for an ambulance." When John's mother got out оf the bath, he wrapped her leg in a clean cotton tablecloth. Every 10 minutes he gave her drink. Soon the ambulance came and took her to hospital. Because John knew First Aid for burns his mother was not badly hurt and her leg soon healed.
Words:burn - ожог
electric fire- электрический камин
to catch fire - загораться
scream - крик
flame - пламя
carpet - ковер
to go out - потухать
piece - кусок
burnt - сожженный
clothes - платье, одежда
ambulance - машина скорой помощи
to wrap - завертывать
tablecloth - скатерть
to heal - заживлять, излечивать
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Одежда загорелась; вбежал в комнату; без воздуха; держать ногу под водой; позвонить в скорую; давать пить каждые 10 минут.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Lie down; to cover the flame; to wrap the leg in a clean cotton tablecloth; to take to the hospital; First Aid for burns; badly hurt
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы. -
Why did John's mother scream?
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What did John order?
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What did he say about the pieces of burnt dress?
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What did he say about mother’s leg?
Text Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in, or otherwise being exposed to a harmful substance. Most poisonings occur by accident.
Immediate first aid is very important in a poisoning emergency. The first aid you give before getting medical help can save a person's life.
Items that can cause poisoning include: carbon monoxide gas, certain foods, chemicals in the workplace, drugs, including over-the-counter and prescription medicines (such as an aspirin overdose) and illicit drugs such as cocaine, cleaning products, household and outdoor plants (eating toxic plants), insecticides, paints
First Aid. Seek immediate medical help!
For poisoning by swallowing: -
Check and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
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Try to make sure that the person has indeed been poisoned. It may be hard to tell. Some signs include chemical-smelling breath, burns around the mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting, or unusual odors on the person. If possible, identify the poison.
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Do NOT empty person’s stomach unless told to do so by a health care professional.
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If the person vomits, clear the person's airway. Wrap a cloth around your fingers before cleaning out the mouth and throat. If the person has been sick from a plant part, save the vomit. It may help experts identify what medicine can be used to help reverse the poisoning.
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If the person starts having convulsions, give convulsion first aid.
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Keep the person comfortable. The person should be rolled onto the left side, and remain there while getting or waiting for medical help.
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If the poison has spilled on the person's clothes, remove the clothing and wash the skin with water.