All animals need oxygen to live. Land animals get oxygen from the air. Without the oxygen in the air we cannot survive more than a few minutes. Breathing happens automatically, we do not have to even think about it.
We breathe in order to take oxygen into our bodies and get rid of carbon dioxide. The oxygen is carried in the blood to all the body's cells. The air we breath out has 100 times more carbon dioxide than the air we breath in.
Nose and Nasal Cavity. The respiratory system is made of body parts that are in charge of your breathing. It includes your nose and nasal cavity. You air though your nose. As you inhale, small specks of dirt are trapped by many tiny hairs in your nose. This cleans the air. The hairs stop the dirt from going further in your body. The moist inside surface in your nose traps even smaller pieces of dirt. The nasal cavity, the air passage behind the nose, plays an important role in breathing. The nasal cavity is divided into a right and left passageway. The tissue that covers the wall of your nasal cavity contains many blood vessels. Heat from the blood in the vessels helps warm the air as you breath. Moisture is added to the air you breath by special cells in the walls of the nasal cavity. The air is warmed and moistened before it reaches your lungs.
Windpipe and Bronchial Tree. The windpipe (trachea) joins the upper respiratory tract to the lungs. If you gently touch the front of your throat you can feel the trachea. The bottom of the trachea splits into two branches called bronchi. One enters the right lung and one goes to the left lung.
The bronchial tree's job is to spread the air from the trachea over a very wide area as quickly as possible. The air passing through the windpipe divides into two branches. These divide into twigs called bronchioles. These twigs open into little bags called alveoli.
We have about 300 million alveoli (air sacs) in each lung. The alveoli gives our lungs a huge surface for absorbing oxygen from the air.
Lungs. Lungs provide the breath of life. Our lungs are about the size of a pair of footballs. They fill our chest from the neck to the ribs. The lungs are protected by our ribs. The lungs are the pickup place for oxygen and the drop off place for carbon dioxide. The lungs are always working, breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.
Blood is pumped into the lungs from the heart through the pulmonary arteries. Blood with oxygen leaves the lungs through the pulmonary veins and travels to the heart. Oxygen is the fuel that makes all the body processes run.
Words: -
land animals –сухопутные животные
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to survive - выживать
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to get rid - избавляться
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carbon dioxide – углекислый газ
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nasal cavity носовая полость
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to inhale - вдыхать
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speck - покрывать
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moist - влажный
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surface – поверхность
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to trap – ловить
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passageway - отверстие
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moisture - влага
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to add - добавлять
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gently – мягко
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bottom – низ
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to split – расщеплять
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twig – ветка
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to provide – обеспечивать
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pickup – перевозка
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pulmonary arteries – легочные артерии
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fuel –горючее
Ex.1 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.1.What organs are made up respiratory system?
2.What do lungs provide?
3.What protect lungs?
Text The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.
Arteries. Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
Veins. Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure.
Heart. Heart is the strongest muscle? Heart is divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as a fist.
Words: -
to make up - составлять
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vessel - сосуд
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flow - течь
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circulation - кровообращение
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ventricle - желудочек
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to remove - перемещать
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replace - менять
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to inhale -вдыхать
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tough - жесткий
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tube - труба
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join - соединять
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wall-стенка
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to pump - качать
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pick up - собирать
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oxygen-soaked - кислородосодержащий
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quart – кварта (единица объема в Великобритании)
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fist – кулак
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.
Кровообращение, желудочек, свежий кислород, самая большая артерия, перекачивает кровь, работают в команде, красные кровяные тельца, белые кровяные тельца, тромбоциты, размером с кулак.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Veins, arteries, nutrients, capillaries, transport, oxygen, energy, dark, heat, circulatory, lungs, carbon dioxide, bright, blood, heart, pumped, intestine, atmosphere.
Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. -
What does Circulatory System consist of?
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What is circulation?
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What is the largest artery in the body?
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What do know size of your heart?
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What are the main elements of blood?
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How many liters of blood are in the human body?
Text
The heart is simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known are known as veins.
The heart pumps blood round the body about 70 times a minute in adults. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known place where this occurs is at the wrist.
The heart lies in the chest immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two chambers, left and right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart.
Heart failure, or cardiac arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of course, means that no blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again.
Words: -
can be felt as the pulse – можно определить по пульсу.
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ately behind the breast bone – непосредственно за грудиной.
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is further divided – далее подразделяется
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communicate with each other – сообщаются друг с другом.
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heart failure – паралич, остановка сердца; сердечная недостаточность.
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as the heart is just a simple pump – поскольку сердце всего лишь простой насос.
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pump - насос
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circulate - циркулировать
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tube - труба
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carry - переносить
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artery - артерия
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vein - вена
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adult - взрослый
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pulse - пульс
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skin - кожа
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occur - происходить
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wrist - запястье
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chest - грудная клетка
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breast - грудь
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chamber - камера
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valve - клапан
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atrium - предсердие
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ventricle - желудочек
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death - смерть
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apply - применять
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pressure - давление
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squeeze - сжимать
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spine - позвоночник
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relax - расслабиться
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Просто насос, кровеносные сосуды, круговое движение, известны как, у взрослых, располагаться непосредственно под кожей, где это происходит, состоит из двух камер, каждый верхний отдел, вообще нет сообщения, заставить биться искусственно, выталкивать кровь из сердца.
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.Throughout the body, blood vessels, about 70 times a minute, immediately behind the breast bone, separated from each other, upper and lower compartments, communication, cardiac arrest, round the body, to beat artificially, pressure on the chest
Ex.3 Answer the questions.Ответьте на вопросы.1. What is heart?
2. What are tubes carrying blood called?
3. Where can the heartbeats be felt?
4. What does the heart consist of?
5. What compartments is each chamber divided into?
6. What does heart failure mean?
7. Can the heart be made to beat artificially?
8. When does blood return to the heart again?
Text The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body's control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
Brain. The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave as human beings.
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the brain what is going on in the body at all times. This system also gives instructions to all parts of the body about what to do and when to do it.
Spinal Cord. Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach all parts of the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner than a human hair. Each nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons (nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a thick bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to the rest of your body.
Senses. There are five main senses - touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight. These are the external sensory system, because they tell you about the world outside your body. Your senses tell you what is happening in the outside world. Your body's sense organs constantly send signals about what is happening outside and inside it to your control center - the brain.
The cerebrum is part of the forebrain. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum. Certain areas of the cerebral cortex are involved with certain functions.
Sensory areas such as touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight receive messages from the skin, nose, mouth, ears and eyes. We feel, taste, hear and see when these messages are received by the sensory parts of the brain.
The Peripheral Nervous System. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells or neurons that are "wired" together throughout the body, somewhat like communication system. Neurons carry messages in the form of an electrical impulses. The messages move from one neuron to another to keep the body functioning.
Words: -
spinal cord – спинной мозг
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to send - посылать
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to receive - получать
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to respond - отвечать
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environment - окружение
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to keep the body in order – поддерживать тело в порядке
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to allow – позволять
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rest – остаток
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bundle – пучок
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external – внешний
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forebrain – передний мозг
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cerebral cortex – кора
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involve – вовлекать
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to wire – связывать
Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.Нервная система состоит из; центральная нервная система; периферическая нервная система; вести себя как человек; достигать всех частей тела; защищать от повреждений; получать информацию (сообщения) от кожи; электрический импульс
Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses; to respond to the environment; to keep the body in order; brain communicates with the rest of the body; nerves divide many times; tunnel of holes in backbone or spine; thick bundle of nerves
Ex. 3. Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы. -
What is the function of brain?
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How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
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What senses do you know?
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What is neuron?
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What is the function of neuron?
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